Back to Forests of the Central Appalachians | Feedback
(A survey kindly provided by R. Hunsucker)Robert Hunsucker, Dorothy Simkins and Thomas DeMeo
January, 1995
Submitted for publication as a General Technical Report By the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station
Abstract
A botanical survey of Big Run Bog Candidate Research Natural Area, located in Tucker County, West Virginia, Cheat Ranger District, Monongahela National Forest, during the growing season 1993 – 94, produced 194 species in 118 genera and 52 families of vascular plants. Six species of rare vascular plants, previously known for this area, were found in this study. Vascular plant families with the largest numbers of species were Cyperaceae (24), Asteraceae (23), Poaceae (16) and Ericaceae (14). Exotic species (4) accounted for 0.02 % of the total vascular flora of 194 species. For each taxon are given family, scientific and common name (s), habitat, estimated abundance and whether native or not. Mosses and liverworts numbered 89 species in 56 genera and 33 families. For each taxon are given family, species and habitat.
Key Words : Survey (botanical, plant, natural area ); plant (checklist, community) ; bog (survey, checklist, research) ; Big run Bog CRNA; National Forest (Monongahela, Big Run Bog, RNA) ; floristics (West Virginia, Big Run Bog, RNA).
Physical Description
The Big Run Bog Candidate Research Natural Area is located in the Cheat Ranger District, Monongahela National Forest. The geographic center is approximately 39 deg 07 ' N latitude and 79 deg 35 ' W longitude. Topographically the area consists of ridges and slopes of moderate steepness (2 deg – 25 deg), part of Backbone Mountain, surrounding a shallow basin which forms the headwaters of Big Run, a tributary of the Blackwater River. Elevations range from 970 meters (3190 ft.) to 1100 meters (3620 ft.). Total area for the CRNA is 256 hectares (632 acres) (Establishment Record for Big Run Bog CRNA, 1987).
The research area is in the Appalachian Plateau physiographic province (Fenneman, 1938). The region is underlain by alternating sequences of shale, siltstone, sandstone and coal of the Pottsville Group and Allegheny Formation (West Virginia Geological Survey, Tucker County, 1923).
Soils on 0–5% slopes are Lickdale very stony silt loam, on 3–15% slopes Ernest extremely stony silt loam (USDA – Soil Survey of Tucker County, 1967).
In the bog itself, peat occurs to a maximum depth of 225 cm. The surface of the bog slopes inward gently (1 deg – 2 deg) in all directions. Water and nutrients drain into the bog from the surrounding watershed, making it a minerotrophic fen rather than a true ombotrophic bog. The surface waters have an average pH of 4.02 (Wieder, 1982, 1985).
The climate is of the continental type: in winter there are frequent and often severe snow and ice storms, in warmer seasons frequent showers and thunderstorms. Cold air drains from the surrounding ridges and slopes into the bowl – like basin. Frost may occur any time of the year ( Horn and McGuire, 1960; Wieder, McCormick and Lang, 1981). Climatic conditions for the research area (Wieder and Lang, 1983; NOAA – National Climatic Data Center, 1985) are estimated from data collected over a 34 – year period at a national weather station located 15 km away at Canaan Valley (elevation 991 meters). The mean annual temperature is 7.9 deg C. July is the warmest month with a mean of 18.3 deg C. December, January and February are the coldest months with mean monthly temperatures below freezing 0 deg C, 32 deg F. Mean annual precipitation is 133 cm. June is the wettest month, with an average maximum of 12.7 cm, November the driest, with an average minimum of 9.0 cm. There are about 97 frost – free days, from 2 June through 7 September (Horn and McGuire, 1960; Wieder, McCormick and Lang, 1981; Wieder and Lang, 1983; NOAA – National Climatic Data Center, 1985).
Methods
A reconnaissance of Big Run Bog CRNA was done in September 1993. From late March through early October, 1994 the area was visited every 2 – 3 weeks for at least 2 days to observe and gather data on plants and their habitats.
Six line transects spaced 190.5 m apart on a randomly chosen bearing of 96 deg and extending across the landscape from east – southeast to west – northwest were systematically sampled in the forest at intervals of 60.4 m, in 400 square meter plots. In each sample plot were noted species present, estimated abundance of each and plant association. Aspect, slope and landform were also noted. 130 plots were sampled.
The bog and transition zone between bog and forests were sampled using the Nature Conservancy releve (plot) method (Sneddon, 1993). This method is more detailed and quantitative than the one used for forests. A single line transect on a randomly chosen bearing of 304 deg extended nearly the length of the bog from SE to NW. Eight sample plots of 64 square meters were sampled at subjectively chosen locations along the transect. In these plots various data were recorded, including the species present, estimated cover of each, and average height of plant strata. The transition zone – between bog and forests-was sampled with a 400 square meter plot about midway on the eastern and western sides of the bog.
Species abundance was estimated using a scale of abundance; rare … etc. (see handbook for RNA studies).
The scientific names of vascular plants are mostly after Gleason and Cronquist (1991) ; the few exceptions follow Fernald (1950). Common names tend to follow Strausbaugh and Core (1977). The names of mosses follow Crum and Anderson (1981); liverworts follow Schuster (1966).
Specimens for the herbarium were collected in duplicate and air – dried for voucher specimens.
Plants of Special Interest
Six species of vascular plants, rare in West Virginia and of special interest, occur at Big run Bog (Rare Species List, West Virginia Natural Heritage Program, June, 1994).
Calopogon tuberosus (L.) BSP. (C. pulchellus). Grass – pink. A wide-ranging species of orchid, extending from Canada south to Florida and Texas, in acid bogs and swamps. In West Virginia, reported from Hampshire, Hardy, Mineral, Pocahontas, Tucker and Webster Counties. A few dozen plants grow in the bog on the east side.
Carex canescens L. Hoary Sedge. This is a northern plant, extending from boreal regions south to Virginia, Ohio, Minnesota, Arizona and California. West Virginia plants occur in acid sphagnum bogs at high elevations in the mountain counties of Pocahontas and Tucker.
Listera smallii Wieg. Appalachian Twayblade. This species of orchid occurs in the Appalachian Mountains from southern Pennsylvania and West Virginia, to eastern Kentucky, south to Georgia, South Carolina and east Tennessee. In West Virginia it is found in damp woods and thickets from about 2000 – 3000 ft. elevation and is reported from Pocahontas, Mercer, Randolph and Tucker Counties. At Big Run Bog six plants were found growing on the east side of the bog under Great Laurel.
Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean. A northern species of plant ranging from boreal regions south to New Jersey, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Missouri and California. West Virginia populations are known only from a few sites in Pocahontas and Tucker Counties. At Big Run Bog some 50 plants occur in a very small area about midway on the east side of the bog.
Parnassia asarifolia Vent. Grass – of – Parnassus. This is a species chiefly of the mountains, ranging from Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and west to Arkansas and east Texas, growing in bogs, springy places and along small streams. West Virginia plants grow in the mountain counties of Greenbrier, Pocahontas, Randolph, Tucker, Upshur and Webster, at elevations mostly above 2000 feet. Less than a dozen plants grow in a small area on the east side of the bog.
Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker Gawler. Rose Pogonia. This wide – ranging orchid grows in bogs and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas In West Virginia it is found in sphagnum bogs in the mountain counties of Fayette, Hampshire, Monongalia, Pocahontas, Preston, Randolph, Tucker and Upshur. More than 50 plants were noted on the east side of the bog.
References: Fernald (1950), Gleason and Cronquist (1991), WV Natural Heritage Program, Rare Species List (June, 1994), Strausbaugh and Core (1977), Establishment Record for Big Run Bog, USFS (1987), WV Wildlife / Heritage Database, Site Survey Summaries ( 1984 – 86).
Literature Review
Wieder, et al (1981) and Walbridge (1982) reported nine species of mosses and 58 species of vascular plants for Big Run Bog. Species of Sphagnum and Polytrichum covered 85% of the bog surface. Trees and upland shrubs were generally limited to wetland borders. In four communities characterized by them, Sphagnum and Poltrichum covered 88 – 100 % of the bog surface, but in two communities Polytrichum was dominant. Communities varied with respect to shrubs, the per cent of cover varying from very low to over 11 %. (Wieder et al, 1981) did a vegitational analysis of the bog. They considered 36 species of vascular plants and mosses. They concluded that the bog was dominated by Sphagnum and Polytrichum, which together covered 85 % of the surface. Vascular herbaceous species covered about 1/2 of the surface of the bog. Leading dominants wereEriophorum virginicum, other sedges, rushes and Solidago uliginosa. They distinguished four bog communities: Sphagnum – Eriophorum virginicum, Sphagnum -shrub,Polytrichum – shrub and Polytrichum – Carex canescens. The authors considered the vegetation of each community and the spatial pattern of distribution of communities in the bog.
Wieder (1985) reported peat deposits with a thickness of 225 cm and a radiocarbon date to 13,000 +/- 420 years before the present. (BP). Walbridge (1982) described several plant communities for Big Run Bog. Chief among these were (1) Coniferous swamp forest, dominated by Red Spruce or Eastern Hemlock, with minor Red Maple and Yellow Birch; (2) Hypericum densiflorum community, dominated by the shrubby St. Johnswort, with a herbaceous cover of sedges, grasses, mosses and dewberry; (3) Rubus hispidus – mixed shrub community, consisting of the dominant dewberry with various shrubs, dwarfed trees and a herbaceous cover of sedges, grasses, rushes and mosses; (4) three major types of communities dominated by mosses: Sphagnum, Polytrichum and mixed Polytrichum hummock – Sphagnum hollow communities. Herbaceous communities included (1) Leersia oryzoides communities and Carex canescens meadow community.
Wieder and Lang (1983) reported annual net primary production of Sphagnum magellanicum, S. recurvum andPolytrichum commune as 5.4, 6.1 and 7.9 g dry mass per square dm respectively.
Wieder et al (1984) studied the flowering phenology of 21 species in four plant communities. Of these, ten were wind – pollinated monocots, ten were insect – pollinated dicots and one species of dicot was primarily self – pollinated (Drosera rotundifolia). Flowering occurred from mid – May through late September. The growing season was 136 days. The average length of flowering of the 21 species was 30 days.
Big Run Bog receives water and nutrients from the surrounding slopes and ridges. Physiographically the bog is a minerotrophic fen, but chemically it is like an embotrophic bog (Wieder, 1985).
Wieder et al (1989) concluded that both cover and production in Big Run Bog is dominated by mosses. Mosses covered 67.6 % of the bog surface; herbaceous species covered 42 % of the bog surface. Trailing shrubs – mostlyRubus hispidus – covered 43 % of the bog surface. Upright shrubs covered 21% of the surface.
Description of Individual Habitats Surveyed
The extant vegetation of the forests is second – growth. The bog may have been logged some time ago, but there are no evident signs of it now. Vegetation of the area is placed in three cover types: Bog, Northern Hardwood Forest and Spruce Forest. A fourth type may be recognized, in the Transition Zone, bounded by bog and forests (Braun, 1950 ; Core, 1966; Eyre, 1980; Walbridge, 1982)
Bog
The un-forested bog covers an estimated 18 ha (44 acres) and is approximately 1.2 km long and up to 180 meters wide. The bog is an irregular mosaic of several plant communities growing on hummocks (small elevations above the level surface) and in valleys between. There is a considerable amount of surface water (the extent not measured) in the two beaver dam ponds, in small streams entering the bog and in the central main channel; however, most of the surface is vegetated. There is no evidence of recent beaver activity. The hummocks support mostly dwarfed trees, shrubs, seedlings, low ericaceous plants, perennial ferns and a few species of non – vasculars. Characteristic species of vascular plants areRhododendron maximum, Ilex verticillata, Picea rubens, Acer rubrum, Viburnum cassinoides, Nemopanthus mucronata, Kalmia latifolia, Aronia melanocarpa, Gaultheria hispidula, Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtilloides, Osmunda cinnamomea; dominant mosses are species of Polytrichum andSphagnum; lichens are chiefly species of Cladonia.
In the intervals or valleys between the hummocks the dominant plants are perennial sedges, rushes, low – growing ericaceous shrubs, dewberry and mosses. The characteristic species of vascular plants areCarex canescens, C. folliculata, C. trisperma, C. interior, C. scoparia, Eriophorum virginicum, Rhynchospora alba, Scirpus atrocinctus, Dulichium arundinaceum, Vaccinium macrocarpon, V. oxycoccos, Gaultheria hispidula, Rubus hispidus, Aronia melanocarpa, Juncus subcaudatus, J. effusus, Solidago uliginosa, Gentiana linearis and Drosera rotundifolia. Characteristic species of mosses are Sphagnum fallax, S. girgensohnii, S. imbricatum, S. magellanicum, S. recurvum, Polytrichum commune and P. ohioense. Estimated per cent cover of each species varied widely from one area of the bog to another; for example, the vascular plants Carex canescens, 2–60%, C. folliculata, 2–80% , Rhynchospora alba, 2–60%,Rubus hispidus, 5–30% ,Vaccinium macrocarpon, 2–50%, V. oxycoccos, 2–70%, Eriophorum virginicum, 2–5%, Aronia melanocarpa, 2–3% and the mossesSphagnum spp., 50–95%, Polytrichum spp., 2–95%. The per cent cover of shrubs (1.0 – 2.0 m) ranged from 3–12%, the herbaceous layer (> 1 m, excluding mosses), 30–95% and the moss layer from 25–95%. The classification of plant communities was not an objective of this survey. Classifications of Walbridge (1982) and Wieder et al (1981) are presented in the literature review.
Northern Hardwood Forest
The Northern Hardwood Forest occupies the upland slopes and ridges and contains the largest area (234 ha) of the Big Run Bog CRNA. This forest has been characterized as a "Black Cherry – Maple type, with small inclusions of Sugar Maple – Beech – yellow Birch and Hemlock – Yellow Birch" (Braun, 1950; Core, 1966; Eyre, 1980; Establishment Record for Big Run Bog, 1987). At Big run Bog the characteristic species of trees are (a) dominants Prunus serotina, Acer rubrum, Fagus grandifolia, Betula alleghaniensis, B. lenta, Tsuga canadensis and Magnolia fraseri, and (b) associated species Quercus rubra, Acer saccharum, Magnolia acuminata and Amelanchier laevis. The characteristic species of shrubs areAcer pensylvanicum, Hamamelis virginiana, Ilex montana and Rhodoendron maximum. The latter species often forms nearly impenetrable thickets. The herbaceous layer of vegetation (< 1 m, both herbs and woody plants) has a rich diversity of lycopods, ferns and seed plants. Characteristic species of vascular plants are Carex intumescens, C. debilis, C. laxiflora, C. pensylvanica, Lycopodium obscurum, L. digitatum, L. annotinum, L. clavatum, Oxalis montana, Smilax rotundifolia, Thelypteris noveboracensis, Dryopteris intermedia, Trillium undulatum, Gaultheria procumbens, Medeola virginiana, Erythronium americanum, Claytonia caroliniana, Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Epifagus virginiana, Mitchella repens, Maianthemum canadense, Trientalis borealis, Agrostis perennans, Anemone quinquefolia, Brachyelytrum erectum, Viola rotundifolia and V. blanda.
Spruce Forest
The Spruce Forest (Braun, 1950; Core, 1966; Eyre, 1980) occurs in patches on the north and north – northwest borders of the bog. It occupies an area of about 4 ha (10 acres). Picea rubens is dominant or a co – dominant with Acer rubrum, Betula lenta, B. alleghaniensis, Prunus serotina and Tsuga canadensis. The shrub layer is dominated by Rhododendron maximum, with minorIlex montana. The herbaceous layer supports a rather sparse growth of Oxalis montana, Mitchella repens, Lycopodium annotinum, Maianthemum canadense, Carex debilis and Gaultheria hispidula. Frequent bryophytes are Bazzania trilobata and species of Sphagnum.
Transition Zone
The transition zone refers to the distinctive irregular narrow band occurring between the bog and the forests around it. One aspect of it occurs mostly along the north – northeast to the south side of the bog where a few species of plants reach their best growth. The dominant trees areAcer rubrum, Picea rubens, Prunus serotina and Tsuga canadensis. The dominant shrubs of the shrub layer that characterize this zone:Nemopanthus mucronata, Ilex verticillata and Viburnum cassinoides. Other species of woody plants include Hamamelis virginiana, Rhododendron maximum, Kalmia latifolia, Taxus canadensis, Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtilloides, V. corymbosum, Rubus hispidus, Lycopodium obscurum, Osmunda cinnamomea, O. claytoniana andCarex folliculata. Mosses here are chiefly species of Sphagnum and Polytrichum.
Table 1 – Checklist of Plants and Their Characteristic Habitats in Big Run Bog Candidate Research Natural Area, Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia (1)
1. Vascular Plants
ACERACEAE
Acer pensylvanicum L. Striped Maple. Abundant in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Acer rubrum L. Red Maple. Abundant in Northern Hardwood, frequent in Transition Zone and as dwarfed individuals on hummocks in the Bog. Native
Acer saccharum Marshall. Sugar Maple. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.AQUIFOLIACEAE
Ilex Montana (T. & G.) A. Gray. Mountain Winterberry. Abundant in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native. Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray. Winterberry. Abundant in Transition Zone, frequent to abundant in portions of Bog. Native.
Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. Appalachian Mountain Holly. Abundant in transition Zone, frequent as diminutive plants on hummocks in Bog. Native.ARACEAE
Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. Indian Turnip. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Orontium aquaticum L. Golden Club. Rare in small streams in Bog. Native.ARALIACEAE
Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Infrequent in open Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Aralia spinosa L. Devil's Walkingstick, Hercules' Club. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest and at borders of forests. Native.
Panax trifolium L. Dwarf Ginseng. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.ASPLENIACEAE
Athyrium filix – femina (L.) Roth. Lady Fern. Infrequent in moist northern hardwood Forest, edges of streams and borders of Bog. Native.
Dryopteris campyloptera Clarkson. Mountain Woodfern. Rare in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.) A. Gray. Spinulose or Fancy Woodfern. (D. spinulosa). Frequent in Northern Hardwood forest. Native.
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas Fern. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood forest. Native.
Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. New York Fern. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Aster acuminatus Michx. Mountain or Whorled Aster. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Aster divaricatus L. White Heart – leaved Aster. Infrequent in open Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Goblet Aster. Infrequent in open Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Aster macrophyllus L. Big – leaved Aster. Rare in open Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Aster prenanthoides Muhl. Zigzag Aster. Infrequent in moist open Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Bidens frondosa L. Devil's Beggarticks. Infrequent in open wet Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Annual Fleabane. Infrequent in open Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia Daisy. Infrequent in disturbed areas of Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin's Plantain. Infrequent in open areas of Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Erigeron strigosus Muhl. Rough Fleabane. Infrequent in disturbed places in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt. Joe Pye Plant. Infrequent in open moist Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Boneset. Infrequent in wet open Northern Hardwood Forest and borders of Transition Zone and Bog. Native.
Eupatorium rugosum Houttuyn. White Snakeroot. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. (Solidago graminifolia). Flattoped Goldenrod, Grass – leaved Goldenrod. Infrequent in moist open Northern Harwood Forest. Native.
Hieracium paniculatum L. Panicled Hawk Plant. Infrequent along roads in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Hieracium scabrum Michx. Sticky Hawk Plant. Rare along roads in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Prenanthes altissima L. Tall White Lettuce. Rare in open Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Senecio aureus L. Golden Ragwort. Infrequent in open moist Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Solidago caesia L. Wand Goldenrod. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Solidago bicolor L. Silverrod. Infrequent in open dry areas of Northern Hardwood Forest, Native.
Solidago erecta Pursh. Goldenrod. Infrequent in open dry Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Solidago rugosa Miler. Wrinkle – leaved Goldenrod. Common in open moist Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Northern Bog Goldenrod. Frequent in Bog. Native.BALSAMINACEAE
Impatiens capensis Meerb. Orange Touch – Me – Not. Infrequent in open wet Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Impatiens pallida Nutt. Yellow Touch – Me – Not. Infrequent in moist openings in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.BERBERIDACEAE
Podophyllum peltatum L. May Apple. Infrequent in Northern Harwood Forest. Native.
BETULACEAE
Betula alleghaniensis Britton. (B. lutea). Yellow Birch. Abundant in Northern Hardwood Forest; infrequent in Transition Zone. Native.
Betula lenta L. Sweet, Cherry or Black Birch. Frequent in Hardwood Forest, infrequent in Transition Zone and Spruce Forest. Native.CAMPANULACEAE
Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco. Infrequent in openings in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Witchhobble, Hobblebush. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood forest. Native.
Viburnum nudum Var. cassinoides (L.) T&G. Wild Raisin, Witherod. (V. cassinoides). Frequent in Transition Zone, infrequent in hummocks of Bog. Native.CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Stellaria pubera Michx. Great or Star Chick Plant. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
CLUSIACEAE (GUTTIFERAE)
Hypericum canadense L. St. Johnswort. Frequent in lower end of Bog and in wet ditches. Native
Hypericum densiflorum Pursh. Shrubby St. Johnswort. Frequent mostly in lower portion of Bog and transition Zone. Native.
Hypericum punctatum Lam. Spotted St. Johnswort. Infrequent in open Northern Hardwood forest. Native.
Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. Marsh St. Johnswort. (Hypericum virginicum). Infrequent on beaver dams in Bog. Native.CYPERACEAE
Carex baileyi Britton. Infrequent in Bog. Native.
Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poiret. Rare on sandstone boulders in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Carex canescens L. Hoary Sedge. Abundant in portions of Bog. Native.
Carex communis. Bailey. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Carex crinita Lam. Frequent in portions of Bog and Transition Zone. Native.
Carex debilis var.rudgei Bailey. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Carex digitalis Willd. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Carex folliculata L. Abundant in portions of Bog. Native.
Carex interior Bailey. Frequent in Bog. Native.
Carex intumescens Rudg. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Carex laxiflora Lam. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Carex lurida Wahlenb. Infrequent in Bog and Transition Zone. Native.
Carex pensylvanica Lam. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Carex radiata (Wahlenb) Small. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Carex rosea Schk. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Carex scoparia Schk. Infrequent in Bog. Native.
Carex stipata Muhl. Infrequent in Bog. Native.
Carex trisperma Dewey. Frequent in Bog. Native.
Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Three – way Sedge. Frequent in Bog. Native.
Eleocharis tenuis ( Willd.) Schult. Spike rush. Infrequent in Bog. Native.
Eriophorum virginicum L. Tawny Cottongrass. Frequent in Bog.
Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. White Beakrush. Abundant in Bog. Native.
Scirpus atrocinctus Fern. Frequent in portions of Bog. Native.
Scirpus atrovirens Willd. Bulrush. Infrequent in open wet Northern Hardwood Forest and in ditches. Native.DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. Hay – scented Fern. Frequent or abundant in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Pteridium aquilinum var.latiusculm (Desv.) Underw. Bracken Fern. Infrequent in open Northern Hardwood forest. Native.DIOSCOREACEAE
Dioscorea quaternata (walter) J. F. Gmelin. Yam. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
DROSERACEAE
Drosera rotundifolia L. Sundew. Frequent in bog. Native.
ERICACEAE
Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh.. Spotted Wintergreen. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhl. Creeping Snowberry. Frequent on hummocks in Bog, infrequent in Red Spruce Forest and Transition Zone. Native.
Gaultheria procumbens L. Mountain Tea, Teaberry. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch. Black Huckleberry. Infrequent in open Northern Hardwood Forest and on hummocks in Bog. Native.
Kalmia latifolia L. Mountain Laurel. Frequent in Northern hardwood Forest, Transition Zone and on hummocks in Bog. Native.
Menziesia pilosa (Michx.) Juss. Minniebush. Infrequent in open Northern Harwood Forest and on hummocks in Bog. Native.
Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. Sourwood. Rare in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Rhododendron maximum L. White or Great Laurel. Abundant in portions of Northern Hardwood Forest, Spruce Forest and Transition Zone, infrequent on hummocks in Bog as dwarfed plants. Native.
Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Low Sweet Blueberry. Frequent on hummocks in Bog and Transition Zone, infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Vaccinium corymbosum L. Highbush Blueberry. Rare in Transition Zone and on hummocks in Bog. Native.
Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Large Cranberry. Common in portions of Bog. Native.
Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. Sourtop, Velvet – leaf Blueberry. Frequent in portions of Bog and Transition Zone. Native.
Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Small Cranberry. Abundant in portions of Bog and extending somewhat into Transition Zone. Native.
Vaccinium pallidum Ait. Hillside Blueberry. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest and Transition Zone. Native.FAGACEAE
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech, Abundant in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak. Infrequent or locally several in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.GENTIANACEAE
Gentiana linearis Froel. Narrow – leaved Gentian. Frequent in portions of Bog. Native.
HAMAMELIDACEAE
Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch hazel. Abundant in Northern Hardwood Forest and Transition Zone. Native.
ISOETACEAE
Isoetes engelmannii A. Braun. Engelmann's Quillwort. Rare in small shallow stream on east side of Bog. Native.
JUNCACEAE
Juncus effusus L. Soft Rush. Frequent in portions of Bog and open wet forest. Native.
Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. Rush. Infrequent in lower end of Bog. Native.
Juncus subcaudatus (Engelm.) Cov. And S. F. Blake. Rush. Frequent in the Bog. Native.
Juncus tenuis Willd. Path Rush. Infrequent along trails androads in Northern hardwood Forest. Native.LAMICEAE (LABIATAE)
Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Northern Water Horehound. Infrequent in open wet Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
LAURACEAE
Sassafras albidum (Nutt,) Nees. Sassafras. Infrequent in Northern hardwood Forest. Native.
LILIACEAE
Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) Nicholson. Fairy Bells. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood forest. Native.
Erythronium americanum Ker Gawler. Trout or Fawn lily. Frequent in northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Maianthemum canadense Desf. Canada Mayflower. Frequent in Northern Harwood Forest, infrequent in Spruce forest. Native.
Medeola virginiana L. Indian Cucumber Root. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. Plume Lily. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Smilax herbacea. var herbacea L. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Smilax hispida Muhl. Bristly Greenbrier. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Smilax rotundifolia L. Common Greenbrier. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Trillium erectum L. Purple trillium. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Trillium undulatum Willd. Painted trillium. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest and Spruce Forest. Native.LYCOPODIACEAE
Lycopodium annotinum L. Stiff Clubmoss. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest and Spruce Forest. Native.
Lycopodium clavatum L. Running Pine. Abundant in portions of Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Lycopodium digitatum Dillen. (L. flabelliforme ). Southern Ground – cedar. Abundant in portions of Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Lycopodium inundatum L. Bog Clubmoss. Locally abundant in a small area of Bog on east side. Native.
Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining Clubmoss. Rare in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground Pine, Tree Clubmoss. Abundant in portions of Northern Hardwood Forest and Transition Zone. Native.MAGNOLIACEAE
Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tulip Tree. Infrequent, mostly as seedlings or saplings, in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Magnolia acuminata (L.) L. Cucumber Tree, Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Magnolia fraseri Walter. Mountain Umbrella Tree. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.MENYANTHACEAE
Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buck Bean. Rare in Bog; growing in a small area – about 60 plants counted – on east side of Bog near a small stream. Native.
MONOTROPACEAE
Monotropa uniflora L. Indian Pipe. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
ONOGRACEAE
Circaea lutetiana L. (C. quadrisulcata var. canadensis). Common Enchanter's Nightshade. Rare in Northern Harwood Forest. Native.
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Lacefrond Grapefern. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Botrychium virginianum (L.) Swartz. Rattlesnake fern. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.ORCHIDACEAE
Calopogon tuberosus (L.) BSP. Grass – pink. Rare in a small area on east side of Bog. Native.
Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad. Coralroot. Rare in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Sprengel. Club – spur Orchid. Frequent in a small area on east side of Bog. Native.
Listera smallii Wieg. Appalachian Twayblade. Rare in a small area of Transition Zone under Rhododendron maximum on east side of Bog. Native.
Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker Gawler. Rose Pogonia. Rare in eastern side of Bog. Native.OROBANCHACEAE
Conopholis americana (L) Wallr. Cancer or Squawroot. Infrequent root parasite on Red Oak in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Epifagus virginiana (L.) Barton. Beech Drops. Frequent as a root parasite on Beech in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.OSMUNDACEAE
Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern. Frequent in open moist Northern Hardwood forest, Spruce Forest, Transition Zone and portions of Bog. Native.
Osmunda claytoniana L. Interrupted Fern. Frequent in open moist areas of Northern Hardwood Forest, Transition Zone and portions of Bog, Native.OXALIDACEAE
Oxalis acetosella L. Northern Wood Sorrel, Mountain Wood Sorrel. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest, infrequent in Spruce Forest. Native.
Oxalis stricta L. Common yellow Wood Sorrel. Infrequent in open Northern Harwood Forest and along roads. Native.PINACEAE
Picea rubens Sarg. Red Spruce. Abundant in Spruce Forest, frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest, Transition Zone and on hummocks in Bog. Native.
Pinus strobus L. White Pine. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest and Spruce Forest. Native.
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere. Eastern Hemlock. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest and Transition Zone.PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago rugelii Decne. American Plantain. Infrequent in open disturbed Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Agrostis gigantea Roth (A. alba). Redtop. Invasive grass planted along roads and in clearcuts. Exotic.
Agrostis perennans (Walter) Tuckerman. Frequent in open Northern Hardwood Forest and Bog. Native.
Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Danthonia compressa Austin. Allegheny Flybackgrass. Frequent in open Northern Hardwood Forest, Transition Zone and open areas. Native.
Festuca elatior L. Meadow Fescue. Infrequent invasive grass planted along roads and in clearcuts. Exotic.
Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) C. E. Hubbard. Infrequent in open wet Northern Hardwood Forest, Spruce Forest and Transition Zone. Native.
Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Rattlesnake Mannagrass. Infrequent in Bog. Native.
Glyceria striata (Lam.) A. Hitchc. Fowl Mannagrass. Infrequent in open wet areas of Northern Hardwood Forest, Spruce Forest and Transition Zone. Native.
Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz. Infrequent in Bog. Native.
Leersia virginica Willd. Whitegrass. Infrequent in open wet Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Muhlenbergia schreberi j. F. Gmelin. Nimblewill. Infrequent in openings of Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Panicum clandestinum L. Deer Tongue Grass. Frequent in open moist Northern Hardwood Forest, Transition Zone and along streams. Native.
Panicum latifolium L. Infrequent in moist open Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Poa alsodes A. Gray. Infrequent, but may be locally abundant in open Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Bluegrass. Infrequent invasive grass in Bog and other open areas. Exotic.POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum sagittatum L. Arrow – leaved Tearthumb. Infrequent in open wet areas of Transition Zone, Northern Hardwood Forest and Bog. Native.
Rumex acetosella L. Red Sorrel. Infrequent in openings in Northern Hardwood Forest. Exotic.PORTULACEAE
Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Spring Beauty, Fairy Spuds. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
PRIMULACEAE
Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Whorled Loosestrife. Infrequent in open Northern Hardwood forest. Native.
Trientalis borealis Raf. Starflower. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.RANUNCULACEAE
Anemone quinquefolia L. Wood Anemone, Windflower. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Clematis virginiana L. Virgin's Bower. Infrequent in open moist areas of Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Ranunculus abortivus L. Small – flowered Buttercup. Infrequent in openings in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked Buttercup. Infrequent in open areas of Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.ROSACEAE
Amelanchier laevis Wieg. Juneberry, Serviceberry, Sarvis. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest and Transition Zone. Native.
Aronia melanocarpa (Michx) Elliott. Black Chokeberry. Frequent in portions of Bog. Native.
Fragaria virginica Duchesne. Wild Strawberry. Infrequent in openings of Northern Hardwood Forest. Native
Potentilla canadensis L. Running Five Fingers, Cinquefoil. Infrequent in open Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Prunus pensylvanica L. F. Fire, Pin or Bird Cherry. Infrequent in open Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Prunus serotina Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Abundant in Northern Hardwood Forest, frequent in Transition Zone. Native.
Rubus allegheniensis T. C. Porter. Common Blackberry. Infrequent in open areas of Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Rubus canadensis L. Smooth Blackberry. Infrequent in openings of Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Rubus hispidus L. Swamp dewberry. Abundant in Bog and portions of Transition Zone, infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Sorbus americana Marsh. Mountainash. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood and Spruce Forests and on hummocks in Bog. Native.RUBIACEAE
Hedyotis michauxii Fosb. (Houstonia serpyllifolia). Mountain Bluets. Infrequent in opening in Northern Hardwood and Spruce Forest. Native.
Mitchella repens L. Partridge Berry. Frequent in Northern Hardwood and Spruce Forests. Native.SARRACENIACEAE
Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher Plant. Frequent in a small area on east side of Bog. Apparently not native but transplanted by humans (Bill Wylie, personal communication, 1994).
SAXIFRAGAGACEAE
Parnassia asarifolia Vent. Kidney – leaved Grass – of – Parnassus. Rare in a small area on east side of Bog. Native.
Ribes rotundifolium Michx. Round – leaved Gooseberry. Rare in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Tiarella cordifolia L. Foamflower. Rare in moist open Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.SCROPHULARIACEAE
Chelone glabra. L. Turtlehead. Infrequent in open wet places in Northern Hardwood Forest and Transition Zone. Native.SPARGANIACEAE
Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. Small Burreed. Infrequent in open water areas of Bog. Native.
TAXACEAE
Taxus canadensis Marsh. American Yew. Rare in Transition Zone and hummocks of Bog. Native.
URTICACEAE
Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. Wood Nettle. Infrequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray. Clearweed. Infrequent in moist openings of Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.VIOLACEAE
Viola blanda Willd. Sweet White violet. Frequent in open wet areas of Northern Hardwood Forest and Transition Zone. Native.
Viola rotundifolia. Michx. Round – leaved Yellow Violet. Frequent in Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
Viola sororia Willd. Stemless Blue Violet. Frequent in open moist areas of Northern Hardwood Forest. Native.
2. Non-vascular Plants
HEPATICAE (LIVERWORTS)
CALYPOGEIACEAE
Calypogeia trichomanis (L.) Corda. On sandstone boulders in Northern Hardwood Forest.
CEPHALOZIACEAE
Cephalozia lunulifolia. (Dum.) Dum. On sandstone rocks in small stream in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Nowellia curvifolia (Dicks.) Mitt. On rotting, moist conifer logs in conifer – hardwood forest.GYMNOMITRIACEAE
Marsupela sphacelata (Gieseke) Dum. On sandstone rocks along stream in Northern Hardwood Forest.
JUBULACEAE
Frullania eboracensis Gott. On trunks of deciduous trees in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Frullania tamarisci (L.) Dum. On trunks of deciduous trees in Northern Hardwood Forest.LEPIDOZIACEAE
Bazzania trilobata (L.) S. Gray. Growing under Red Spruce in Spruce Forest.
Lepidozia reptans (L.) Dum. On base of deciduous trees in Northern Hardwood Forest.LOPHOCOLEACEAE
Lophocolea heterophylla (L.) (Schrad.) Dum. On wet soil and humus in Transition Zone and Red Spruce Forest.
PELLIACEAE
Pellia epiphylla (L.) Corda. On moist deciduous logs in Northern Hardwood Forest.
PORELLACEAE
Porella platyphyloidea (Schwein.) Lindb. On base of deciduous trees growing along stream in Northern Hardwood Forest.
SCAPANIACEAE
Scapania nemorosa (L.) Dum. On moist sandy margin of small stream, edge of Bog.
TILIDIACEAE
Ptilidium pulcherrimum (G. Web.) Hampe. On lower trunk of Red Spruce tree in Spruce Forest.
MUSCI (MOSSES)
AMBLYSTEGIACEAE
Amblystegium riparium (Hedw.) Warnst. On moist sandy soil in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Amblystegium tenax (Hedw.) C. Jens. On wet sandstone cobbles in small stream, Northern Hardwood Forest.
Amblystegium varium (Hedw.) Lindb. On moist deciduous log in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Platydicta subtile (Hedw.) Crum. On trunks of deciduous trees, Northern Hardwood Forest.AULOCOMNIACEAE
Aulocomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schw. On wet humus at edge of Bog.
BARTRAMIACEAE
Philonotis fontana (Hedw.) Brid. On conifer logs in transition Zone.
Philonotis glaucescens (Hornsch.) Broth. On moist humus in open Northern Hardwood Forest.BRACHYTHECIACEAE
Brachythecium oxycladon (Brid.) Jaeg. & Sauerb. On soil and rotting log in Northern hardwood Forest.
Brachythecium salebrosum (Web. & Mohr.) B. S. G. on humus in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Bryhnia novae – angliae (Sull. & lesq.) Grout. On moist soil, Northern Hardwood Forest.
Bryoandersonia illecebra (Hedw.) Robins. On humus in Hemlock – Hardwood Forest.
Eurhynchium hians (Hedw.) Sande Lac. On humus in northern Hardwood Forest.
Eurhynchium riparioides (Hedw.) Rich. On wet sand along small stream, Northern Hardwood Forest.CLIMACIACEAE
climClimacium americanum Brid. On moist soil in open Northern Hardwood Forest.
DICRANACEAE
Dicranella heteromalla (Hedw.) Schimp. On rotting deciduous logs in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Dicranum fulvum Hook. On base of Red Spruce trees in Northern Hardwood forest.
Dicranum scoparium Hedw. On soil and rotting wood in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Dicranum viride (Sull. & Lesq. ex Sull.) Lindb. On soil in Northern Hardwood Forest.ENTODONTACEAE
Entodon cladorrhizans (Hedw.) E. Muell. On rotting hardwood logs and sandstone boulders, Northern Hardwood Forest.
Entodon seductrix (Hedw.) C. Muell. On humus in open Northern Hardwood forest.
Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. On soil in Northern Hardwood Forest.HEDWIGIACEAE
Hedwigia ciliata (Hedw.) P. Beauv. On sanstone rocks in Northern Hardwood Forest.
HYLOCOMIACEAE
Hylocomium brevirostre (Brid.) B. S. G. On humus in moist Hemlock – Hardwood Forest.
Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B. S. G. On rotting deciduous logs in Northern Hardwood Forest.HYPNACEAE
Homomallium adnatum (Hedw.) Broth. On deciduous trees in Northern Hardwood Foest.
Hypnum cupressiforme hedw. On rotting logs in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Hypnum curvifolium Hedw, On rotting logs in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Hypnum imponens Hedw. On rotting logs in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Hypnum lindbergii Mitt. On rotting logs in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Isopterygium elegans (Brid.) Lindb. On snags of deciduous trees in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Platygyrium repens (Brid.) B. S. G. On deciduous logs in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Pylaisiella intricata (Hedw.) Grout. On base of Yellow Birch trees in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Taxiphyllum deplanatum (Bruch. & Schrimp.) Fleisch. On rotting deciduous logs and on moist soil, Northern Hardwood Forest.LESKEACEAE
Leskea obscura Hedw. On sandstone boulders, Northern hardwood Forest.
Leskeela nervosa (Brid.) Loeske. On sandstone rocks in small stream, Northern Hardwood Forest.
Lindbergia brachytera (Mitt.) Kindb. On decaying deciduous log in Northern Hardwood Forest.LEUCOBRYACEAE
Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Schimp. On humus in Spruce Forest.
MNIACEAE
Mnium affine Blandow. On wet forest litter and humus, Northern Hardwood forest.
Mnium cuspidatum Hedw. On rotting deciduous logs in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Mnium hornum Hedw. On moist sandy soil along small stream, Northern Hardwood Forest.
Mnium punctatum Hedw. On moist soil in Northern Hardwood Forest.NECKERACEAE
Neckera pennata Hedw. On decaying hardwood logs in Northern Hardwood Forest.
ORTHOTRICACEAE
Ulota crispa (hedw.) Brid. On bark of deciduous trees, Northern Hardwood Forest.
PLAGIOTHECIACEAE
Plagiothecium denticulatum (Hedw.) B. S. G. On litter and humus in Northern Hardwood Forest.
POLYTRICHACEAE
Atrichum angustatum (Brid.) B. S. G. On soil in open Northern Hardwood Forest.
Atrichum crispum (James) Sull. On hummocks in the Bog.
Pogonatum pensilvanicum (Hedw.) P. Beauv. On soil in open Northern Hardwood Forest.
Polytrichum commune L. ex Hedwig. In open, on soil, in Northern hardwood Forest and on hummocks in Bog.
Polytrichum ohioense Ren. & Card. On soil in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. On hummocks and in valleys between hummocks, in Bog.POTTIACEAE
Tortella humilis (Hedw.) Jenn. On soil in Northern Hardwood Forest.
RHYTIDIACEAE
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Hedw.) Warnst. On soil and litter in Northern Hardwood forest.
SEMATOPHYLLACEAE
Brotherella recurvans (Mich.) Fleisch. On base of conifers, on rotting logs and on soil in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Heterophyllium affine (Hook.) Fleisch. On rotting logs in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Sematophyllum adnatum (Michx.) Britt. On bases of deciduous trees in Northern Hardwood Forest.SPHAGNACEAE
Sphagnum capillaceum (Weiss.) Schrank. On humusin open, wet Northern Hardwood Forest.
Sphagnum compactum DeCandolle. In shallow standing water in open Northern Hardwood Forest.
Sphagnum fallax (Klinggr.) Klinggr. In open wet Northern hardwood Forest.
Sphagnum fimbriatum Wik. ex J. Hook. On hummocks in the Bog.
Sphagnum girgensohnii Russow. In the Bog.
Sphagnum henryense Warnst. At edge of Bog and Transition Zone.
Sphagnum imbricatum Hornschuch. Growing on hummocks in the Bog.
Sphagnum magellanicum Brid. Growing in the Bog.
Sphagnum palustre L. On humus in the Bog.
Sphagnum recurvum Beauvois. Growing in Bog and Transition Zone.
Sphagnum subtile (Russ.) Warnst. Growing on wet soil and humus at border of Spruce Forest.
Sphagnum subsecundum Nees, Growing in humus in lower end of Bog along stream.TETRAPHIDACEAE
Tetraphis pellucida Hedw. On rotting logs and stumps in Northern Hardwood Forest.
THUIDIACEAE
Anomodon rostratus (Hedw.) Schimp. On soil over roots at bases of deciduous trees in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Haplocladium virginianum (Brid.) Broth. On humus in conifer – birch forest.
Haplohymenium triste (Ces, ex DeNot) Kindb. On rotting conifer logs in Hemlock – Hardwood Forest.
Thuidium delicatulum var. delicatulum (Hedw.) B. S. G. On rotting logs, stumps and humus in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Thuidium recognitum (Hedw.) Lind. On soil in Northern Hardwood Forest.
Literature Cited
Braun, E. Lucy (1950) Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. Hafner Publishing Company.
Core, Earl L. (1966) Vegetation of West Virginia. McClain Printing Company, Parsons, West, Va.
Crum, Howard A.. and Lewis. E. Anderson (1981) Mosses of Eastern North America, in two volumes. Columbia University Press. New York.
Eyre, F. H. editor, (1980) Forest Cover Types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, D. C.
Fenneman, N. M. (1938) Physiography of the Eastern United States. McGraw Hill, N. Y.
Fernald, M. L. (1950) Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th edition. American Book Company.
Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist (1991) Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.
Horn,V. T. and J. K. McGuire (1960) Climates of the States: West Virginia. U. S. dept. of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C., NOAA – National Climatic data Center (1985) Climatological Data Annual Survey: West Virginia Vol. 93 (13), 18 pp. Ashville, N. C.
Schuster, R. M. (1966) The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America, in 2 volumes. Columbia University Press, N. Y.
Sneddon, Lesley, editor. ( 1993) Field Form Instructions for the description of Sites and Terrestrial, Palustrine and Vegetated Estuarine Communities, Version 2. The Nature Conservancy, Boston, MA.
Strausbaugh, P. D. and E. L. Core (1977) Flora of West Virginia, 2nd edition. Seneca Books Inc. Grantsville, West Va.
USDA – Soil Conservation Service (1967) Soil Survey of Tucker County and Part of Northern Randolph County, West Va.
USDA – Forest Service (1987)Establishment Record for big Run Bog, Research Natural Area, Monongahela national Forest, Tucker County, West Virginia.
Walbridge, m. S. (1982) Vegetation Patterning and Community Distribution in Four High – elevation Headwater Wetlands in West Virginia. M. S. Thesis, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Va.
West Virginia DNR – Wildlife Resources division (1984 – 86) Site Survey, Summaries and Special Plant Survey Forms. Unpublished. Wildlife / Heritage Data base, Elkins, west Va.
West Virginia Geological Survey (1923) Tucker County Report.
West Virginia Natural heritage Program (June 1994) Rare Species List : Plants. Wildlife Heritage data Base, Elkins, West Va.
Wieder, R. Kelman (1985) Peat and Water Chemistry at Big Run Bog, a Peatland in the Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia. Biogeochemistry 1: 277 – 302.
Wieder, R. Kelman, A. M. McCormick and G. E. Lang (1981) Vegetational Analysis of Big Run Bog, a Non-glaciated Sphagnum Bog in West Virginia.Castanea 46: 16 – 29.
Wieder, R. Kelman and G. E. Lang (1983) Net Primary Production of the Dominant Bryophytes in a Sphagnum – dominated Wetland in West Virginia.The Bryologist 86 (3) : 280 – 286.
Wieder, R. Kelman, C. A. Bennett and G. E. Lang (1984) Flowering Phenology at Big Run Bog, west Virginia. American Journal of Botany 71 (2) : 203 – 209.
Wieder, R. Kelman, J. B. Yavitt, G. E. Lang and C. A. Bennett (1989) Aboveground Net Primary Production at Big Run Bog, west Virginia. Castanea 54, 209 – 216.