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Holly River State Park

The Park covers 8101 acres (3278 hectares) in a narrow valley surrounded by 2800 ft. (853 meter) mountains. In absence of information of total average yearly precipitation, note that of nearby Kumbrabow State Forest is 64 inches (163 cm) as repored by the State. Attention is also drawn to Strausbaugh and Core (1977), who list an average yearly value of 63 inches (160 cm.) for nearby Pickens. Bedrock is dominated by the Kanawha and Allegheny Formations, both of Pennsylvanian age. That of the former is dominated by sandstone, but also contains siltstone, shale and coal. The latter is a cyclic sequence, consisting of sandstone, siltstone, shale and limestone (Cardwell et al, 1968). The latter is of particular significance with respect to the richness and diversity of the flora and fauna, since limestone soils greatly favor these.

The following are inventories by Dr. Robert Hunsucker on May 13-16, 2008.

Vascular Plants in Order of Life Form (* indicates introduced species)


Picea rubens (Red Spruce) -scattered
*Picea abies (Norway Spruce) -Hacker Valley etc.
Pinus virginiana (Virginia Pine)
Pinus rigida (Pitch Pine)
Pinus strobus (White Pine)
Salix occidentalis (Carolina Willow) -upland opening
*Salix alba (White Willow) -infrequent
Salix nigra (Black Willow)
*Salix babylonica (Weeping Willow)-Hacker Valley
Populus grandidentata ( Large-toothed Aspen) -scattered, often several together
Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) -local in clearings
Juglans cinerea (Butternut) -infrequent, mostly sick or dead
Castanea dentata (American Chestnut) -a few root sprouts
Fagus grandifolia (American Beech)-frequent
Carya glabra (Pignut Hickory)
Carya cordiformis (Bitternut Hickory)
Carya ovata (Shagbark Hickory)
Carya tomentosa (Mockernut Hickory)
Carya ovalis (Red Hickory)
Nyssa sylvatica var sylvatica (Black Gum) -uncommon to frequent
Liriodendron tulipifera (Tuliptree) -common dominant
Acer negundo (Boxelder)
Acer nigrum (Black Maple)
Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple)
Acer rubrum (Red Maple)
Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple) -along river
Tilia americana var heterophylla (White Basswood) -among dominants in some woods
Prunus serotina (Black Cherry) - dominant tree
Ulmus americana (American Elm)
Ulmus rubra (Slippery Elm) -infrequent to more frequent
Fraxinus amerricana (White Ash) -dominant tree
Aesculus octandra (Yellow Buckeye) -frequent
Diospyros virginiana (Persimmon)
Oxydendron arboreum (Sourwood)-frequent
*Malus pumila (Apple) -occasional
Malus coronaria (Sweet Crabapple) -occasional
Asimina triloba (Paw Paw) -uncommon to frequent
Acer pensylvanicum (Striped Maple)
Acer spicatum (Mountain Maple)
Ostrya virginiana (Hophornbeam)-frequent
Caprinus caroliniana (Muscletree) -frequent
Cornus alternifolia (Alternate-leaf Dogwood) -occasional
Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood) -frequent
Cornus amomum (Silky Dogwood) -frequent along stream
Hydrangea arborescens (Wild Hydrangea) -frequent
Sambucus canadensis (Black Elderberry) -occasional to frequent
Sambucus pubens (Red Elderberry) -occasional, in flower
Hypericum prolificum (Shrubby St. Johnswort) -frequent locally
Hypericum densiflorum (Bushy St. Johnswort) -mesic to low wet places
Crataegus punctata (Dotted Hawthorn)-frequent
Crataegus macrosperma (Big Fruit Hawthorn) -frequent
Prunus pensylvanica (Pin Cherry) -frequent to local
Prunus americana (American Plum) -frequent
Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry) -occasional
Ribes rotundifolia (Appalachian Gooseberry)
Ribes cynosbati (Prickly Gooseberry) -infrequent
*Rosa multiflora (Multiflora Rose) -ruderal and in woods
Rosa carolina (Carolina Rose) -occasional
Rosa palustris (Swamp Rose) -infrequent
Rubus odoratus (Flowering Raspberry) -occasional
*Rubus phoenicolasius (Wine Berry) -ruderal and in low woods
Rubus allegheniensis (Allegheny Blackberry) -frequent
Rubus enslenii (a dewberry)
Rubus occidentalis (Black Raspberry)
Rubus pensylvanicus (Pennsylvania Blackberry)
Rubus hispidus (Bristly Blueberry) -locally many
Alnus serrulata (Smooth Alder)-frequent
Salix sericea (Silky Willow) -open wet areas, stream borders
Salix humilis (Upland Willow) -dry open woods
Rhododendron maximum (Great Rhododendron) -locally numerous, not in flower
Rhododendron calendulaceum (Flame Azalea) -dryish upland woods, in flower
Rhododendron arborescens (Sweet Azalea)-stream banks, infrequent, not in flower
Rhododendron nudiflorum (Pink Azalea)-open mesic woods,infrequent, in flower
Kalmia latifolia (Mountain Laurel-frequent
Gaylussacia baccata (Black Huckleberry)
Vaccinium stamineum (Deerberry)
Vaccinium pallidum (Upland Low Blueberry) -frequent, in flower
Vaccinium macrocarpon (Large Cranberry) -locally several
Lyonia ligustrina (Maleberry) -locally numerous or scattered in moist open areas
Smilax bona-nox (Sawbrier)
Epigaea repens (Trailing Arbutus) -frequent on dry acid banks and in woods
Gaultheria procumbens (Teaberry)
Aristolochia macrophylla (Dutchman's Pipevine) -frequent
Clematis virginiana (Virgin's Bower) -several in open low ground
Menispermum canadense (Canada Moonseed) -infrequent
Celastrus scandens (American Bittersweet) -infrequent
Smilax rotundifolia (Common Greenbrier)
Smilax glauca (Catbrier)
Smilax hispida (Hispid Greenbrier)
Vitis aestivalis (Summer Grape) -frequent
Vitis riparia (Riparian Grape) - along streams
Vitis vulpina (Frost Grape) -infrequent
Parthenocissus quinquefolius (Virginia Creeper) -frequent
Polypodium virginianum (Rock Fern) -capping some rocks in mesic woods
Thelypteris nove-boracensis (New York Fern) -common
Thelypteris hexagonoptera (Broad Beech Fern ) -infrequent
Thelypteris palustris (Marsh Fern) -infrequent
Dryopteris marginalis (Marginal Shield Fern)
Dryopteris carthusiana (Spinulose Woodfern) -occasional
Dryopteris goldiana (Goldie's Shield Fern) -occasional
Dryopteris intermedia (Intermediate Shield Fern) -frequent
Dryopteris cristata (Crested Shield Fern) -local in wet ground
Dryopteris campyloptera (Mountain Woodfern) -under Red Spruce
Osmunda cinnamomea (Cinnamon Fern)
Osmunda alaytoniana (Interrupted Fern) -frequent
Osmunda regalis (Royal Fern) -infrequent
Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Hay-scented Fern) -common
Onoclea sensibilis (Sensitive Fern) -frequent
Woodsia obtusa (Blunt-lobe Cliff Fern) -infrequent
Asplenium platyneuron (Ebony Spleenwort) -occasional to frequent
Asplenium montanum (Mountain Spleenworth) infrequent
Athyrium thelypteroides (Silvery Glade Fern) -frequent
Athyrium filix-femina (Ladyfern) -frequent
Athyrium pycnocarpon (Glade Fern) -very local in rich woods
Botrychium virginianum (Rattlesnake Fern) -occasional
Botrychium dissectum (Cut-leaf Grapefern) -occasional
Adianthum pedatum (Maidenhair Fern) -occasional
Pteridium aqilinum var latiusculum (Western Bracken Fern) -common locally in open
Polystichum acrostichoides (Christmas Fern) -frequent
Cystopteris fragilis (Brittle Bladder Fern) -mesic rock bluff
Cystopteris bulbifera (Bulbiferous Bladder Fern) -uncommon on mesic shady bank
Potamogeton diversifolius (Variable Pondweed) -nfrequent
Potamogeton foliosis (Leafy Pondweed) -infrequent, quiet water
Sagittaria latifolia (Wapato, Duck Potato)
Alisma subcordatum (Common Water Plantain) -uncommon in mud
Arisaema triphyllum (Jack in the Pulpit) -frequent
Typha latifolia (Broadleaf Cattail) -colonial in pool
Arundinaria gigantea (Giant Cane)
Vallismeria americana (Eelgrass) -several in Holly River
Digitaria sanguinalis (Crabgrass) -ruderal
*Eleusine indica (Indian Goosegrass)
*Poa annua (Annual Bluegrass)
Poa alsodes (Grove Bluegrass)
Poa cuspidata (Early Bluegrass)
Poa autumnalis (Autumnal Bluegrass)
*Poa compressa (Canada Bluegrass)
*Poa pratensis (Kentucky Bluegrass)
Danthonia compressa (Flattened Oatgrass)
Danthonia spicata (Poverty Oatgrass)
Panicum rigidulum (Redtop Panigrass) -frequent
Panicum anceps (Beaked Panicgrass) -occasional
Panicum acuminatum (Western Panicgrass)
Panicum boscii (Bosc's Panicgrass)
Panicum latifolium (Broadleaf Panicgrass)
Panicum polyanthes (Small-fruited Panicgrass)
Panicum dichotomum (Cypress Panicgrass)
Panicum commutatum (Variable Panicgrass)
Panicum laxiflorum (Open-flower Panicgrass)
Panicum virgatum _infrequent in open, dryish woods
*Festuca elatior (Meadow Fescue)
*Festuca pratensis (Meadow Fescue)
Festuca rubra (Red Fescue) -frequent
Festuca obtusa (Nodding Fescue) -frequent in woods
Leersia virginica (Whitegrass) frequent
Leersia oryzoides (Rice Cutgrass) -wet open ground
*Anthoxanthum odoratum (Sweet Vernal Grass) -ruderal
Paspalum laeve (Smooth Paspalum) in mowed area
Paspalum setaceum (Bristle-like Paspalum)
Agrostis hyemalis (Winter Bentgrass) -infrequent
Agrostis perennans (Perennial Bentgrass) -occasional
*Agrostis gigantea (Redtop) -wet ditch
*Agrostis stolonifera (Creeping Bentgrass) -roadside
Bracyelytrum erectum (Bearded Shorthusk) -frequent
Sphenopholis nitida (Shiny Wedgegrass) -infrequent, upland woods
Sphenopholis intermedia (Slender Wedgegrass) - occasional, mesic woods
Phalaris arundinacea (Reed Canary Grass) -locally several in open wet areas
Muhlenbergia schreberi (Nimblewill) -scattered to locally abundant
*Setaria viridis (Green Bristlegrass) -roadside
*Holcus lanatus (Velvet Grass) -ruderal
*Lolium perenne (Perennial Ryegrass) -ruderal
Carex appalachica-infrequent?
Carex cephalophora-occasional in upland
Carex convoluta
Carex vulpinoidea-frequent in meadow
Carex stipata-occasional in swamp
Carex interior-several in wet soil by stream
Carex amphibola-uncommon
Carex normalis-occasional
Carex scoparia-locally several in meadow, marsh
Carex gynandra
Carex plantaginea
Carex laxiflora
Carex styloflexa
Carex platyphylla
Carex blanda
Carex lurida
Carex pensylvanica
Carex communis
Carex torta
Carex digitalis
Carex prasina
Carex rosea
Carex radiata
Carex gracillima
Carex debilis
Cymophyllus fraseri (Fraser's Sedge) -uncommon
Juncus effusus -common
Juncus tenuis var tenuis-frequent
Yucca filamentosa (Adam's Needle) -introduced from SE U.S.A.
Polygonatum pubescens (Hairy Many Knees)
Polygonatum biflorum (Smooth Many Knees)
Smilacina racemosa (False Solomon's Seal)
Trillium grandiflorum (Large-flowered Trillium) -locally frequent or scattered
Trillium erectum (Red Trillium) -locally frequent or scattered
Trillium undulatum (Painted Trillium) -occasional
Lilium philadelphcum (Wood Lily ) -uncommon in dry deciduous woods, not in flower
Lilium superbum (Turk's Cap Lily) -sveral young in wet meadow, not in flower
Lilium canadense (Canada Lily) -uncommon in meadow, not in flower
Erythronium umbilicatum (Dimpled Troutlily) -frequent
Convallaria majalus (Lily of the Valley) -Hacker Valley
Hypoxis hirsuta (Common Goldstar) -infrequent
Allium cernum (Nodding Onion) -infrequent
Allium tricoccum (Ramps) -scattered
*Allium vinale (Wild Garlic) -ruderal
Veratrum viride (False Hellebore) -locally several
Veratrum parviflorum (Appalachian Bunchflower) -occasional
Smilax herbacea (Carrion Flower)
Henerocallis sp (a daylily) -ruderal, colonial
Iris cristata (Dwarf Crested Iris) -infrequent
Sisyrinchium angustifolium (Narrowleaf Blue-eyed Grass) -occasional in meadow
Orchis spectabilis (Showy Orchis) -rich woods, rare
Goodyera pubescens (Downy Rattlesnake Plantain)
Cypripedium acaule (Moccasin Flower) -infrequent, local
Symphoricarpus foetidus -locally colonial ?????
Phytolacca americana (Poke) -occasional to frequent locally
Galax aphylla (Galax) -infrequent
Paronychia canadensis (Smooth Forked Nailwort) -dry woods
Paronychia fastigiata (Hairy Forked Nailwort)
Arenaria serpyllifolia (Thymeleaf Sandwort) -ruderal
Mollugo verticillata (Green Carpetweed) -ruderal
Asarum canadense (Wild Ginger) -occasional
Lysimachia quadrifolia (Whorled Loosestrife)
Lysimachia terrestris (Bulbous Loosestrife)
*Lysimachia nummularia (Moneywort )
Lysimachia ciliata (Fringed Loosestrife)
Pedicularis canadensis (Lousewort) -several locally
*Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese Knotweed) -locally abundant
*Polygonum caespitosum (Oriental Lady's Thumb) -common in various places from wet to moist
Polygonum scandens (Climbing False Buckwheat) -several in a thicket
Polygonum cristatum -frequent in roadside thickets
Polygonum persicaria (Spotted Lady's Thumb) -ruderal
Polygoum punctatum (Dotted Smartweed) -frequent in mucky places
Polygonum pensylvanicum (Pennsylvania Smartweed) -border of veg. garden
*Polygonum aviculare (Prostrate Knotweed) -ruderal
Polygonum sagittatum (Arrowleaf Tearthumb) -locally several
*Rorippa sylvestris (Creeping Yellow Cress) -in shallow water and mud
Rorippa islandica (Northern Marsh Yellowcress)
Cardamine diphylla (Crinkleroot) -frequent in rich woods
Cardamine cancatenata (Cutleaf Toothwort) -frequent in rich woods
Cardamine angustata (Slender Toothwort) -uncommon ?
Cardamine bulbosa (Bulbous Toothwort) -a few in mud
Cardamine pensylvanica (Pennsylvania Bittercress) -frequent
Cardamine rotundifolia (American Bittercress) -by small stream,
Arabis laevigata (Smooth Rockcress) -occasional to frequent
Arabis glabra (Tower Rockcress) -infrequent on rocky bluff
*Brassica nigra (Black Mustard) -ruderal
Brassica rapa (Field Mustard) -ruderal
*Brassica napus (Rape)
*Brassica kaber (Wild Mustard)
*Draba verna (Spring Draba) -ruderal
*Capsella bursa-pastoris (Shepherd's Purse)
Dioscorea quaternata (Four-leaf Yam) -occasional to frequent
Portulaca oleracea (Little Hogweed) -ruderal
Penthorum sedoides (Ditch Stonecrop) -a single plant in a wet ditch
Cerastium nutans (Nodding Chickweed) -ruderal
Pilea pumila (Clearweed) -frequent in wet openings
Stellaria media (Common Chickweed)
Stellaria pubera (Star Chickweed)
*Dianthus armeria (Deptford Pink)
*Chenopodium album (Lambs Quarters) -ruderal
Chenopodium ambrosioides (Mexican Tea) -ruderal
*Hesperis matronalis (Dame's Rocket) -ruderal, common
Amaranthus hybridus (Slim Amaranth) -ruderal
Mitchella repens (Partridge Berry) -frequent
Galium aperine (Cleavers)
*Galium vernum
* Galium mollugo (False Baby's Breath)
Galium triflorum (Sweet-scented Bedstraw)
Galium circaezans (Licorice Bedstraw)
Galium lanceolatum (Lanceleaf Wild Licorice)
Epilobium coloratum (Purple-leaf Willowherb)
Apocynum cannabinum (Indian Hemp ) -frequent
Apocynum andrasaemifolium (Spreading Dogbane) -local
Asclepias syriaca (Common Milkweed) - common
Asclepias exaltata (Poke Milkweed) -infrequent
Anagalis arvensis (Common Pimpernel)
Callitriche cf. palustris (Vernal Water Starwort) -infrequent in quiet pool
Hepatica americana (Bluntlobe Hepatica) -infrequent in rocky woods
Hepatica acutiloba (Sharplobe Hepatica) -infrequent in rich woods
*Ranunculus repens (Creeping Buttercup) -several in wet ditch
*Ranunculus acris (Tall Buttercup) -ruderal, in field
*Ranunculus bulbosa (Bulbous Buttercup) -ruderal, in field
Mitella diphylla (Miterwort) -occasional
Tiarella cordifolia (Foamflower ) -frequent in moist rocky areas
Saxifraga micrathidifolia (Water Lettuce) -in a rocky seep
Saxifraga virginiensis (Early Saxifrage) -on rocky ledge
Chrysosplenium americanum (Golden Saxifrage) -frequent in mucky streams, pools
Jeffersonia diphylla (Twinleaf) -uncommon in open rocky woods
*Sida spinosa (Prickly Fanpetals) -ruderal
Oxalis grandis (Great Yellow Woodsorrel) -stream terrace
Oxalis montana (White Woodsorrel) -woods
Oxalis stricta (Upright Yellow Woodsorrel) -open
Fragaria virginica (Virginia Strawberry) -frequent
Fragaria vesca (Woodland Strawberry) -occasional to frequent
Hypericum canadense (Lesser Canadian St. Johnswort) -vegetative, in open moist groumd
Hypericum mutilum (Dwarf St. Johnswort) -locally frequent in wetland
*Hypericum perforatum (Common St. Johnswort) -frequent locally
Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Tasselrue) -occasional along streams
Euonymus americanus (Bursting Heart)
Triadenum sp. (A St. Johnswort) -few in mud
Geranium carolinianum (Carolina Geranium) -ruderal, frequent
Geranium maculatum (Spotted Geranium) -frequent
Monarda fistulosa (Wild Bergamot ) -frequent
Monada didyma (Scarlet Beebalm) -frequent
Monarda clinopodia (White Bergamot) - frequent
Mentha arvensis (Wild Mint) -occasional in moist to wet ground
*Mentha piperita (Pepermint)
*Mentha spicata (Spearmint) -Hacker Valley
Hedeoma pulegioides (Pennyroyal ) -several plants on open wooded slope
*Trifolium hybridum (Alsike Clover) -ruderal
*Trifolium aureum (Golden Clover) -ruderal
*Trifolium campestre (Field Clover) -ruderal
*Trifolium repens (White Clover)
*Trifolium pratense (Red Clover)
*Potentilla recta (Sulfur Cinquefoil) -ruderal
Potentilla norvegica (Norwegian Cinquefoil) -old pasture
Potentilla simplex (Common Cinquefoil) -frequent
Potentilla canadensis (Dwarf Cinquefoil )
Geum vernum (Spring Avens) -infrequent, in flower
Waldsteinia fragarioides (Appalachian Barren Strawberry) -infrequent
Aruncus dioicus (Goat's Beard) -occasional
Corydalis sempervirens (Rock Harlequin) -infrequent
Corydalis flvula (Yellow Harlequin) -infrequent
Dicentra canadensis (Squirrel Corn)
Dicentra cuccularia (Dutchman's Breeches) -frequent and generally local
Podophyllum peltatum (Mayapple) -common
Caulophyllum thalictroides (Blue Cohosh) -frequent
Actaea pachypoda (White Baneberry) -infrequent
Cimicifuga racemosa (Black Cohosh) -frequent
Thalictrum dioicum (Early Meadowrue) -frequent
Thalictrum pubescens (Tall Meadowrue) -frequent to occasional
Sanguinaria canadensis (Bloodroot) -frequent
Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal) -locally several
Aconitum uncinatum (Southern Blue Monk's Hood) -uncommon on flood plain
Sedum ternatum (Woodland Stonecrop) -frequent in moist rocky places
Delphinium tricorne (Dwarf Larkspur) -infrequent in rich woods
Monotropa uniflora (Indian Pipe) -occasional
Oenothera biennis (Common Evening Primrose) -ruderal, frequent
Oenothera parviflora -ruderal, infrequent
*Veronica arvensis (Corn Speedwell) -ruderal
*Veronica officinalis (Common Speedwell) -ruderal
*Veronica hederaefolia (Ivy-leaf Speedwell) -ruderal
*Rumex obtusifolius (Bitter Dock)
*Rumex crispus (Curly Dock) -ruderal
*Rumex acetosella (Common Sheep Sorrel ) -roadside
Claytonia caroliniana (Carolina Spring Beauty )
Claytonia virginica (Virginia Spring Beauty) -scattered to common in moist woods and open ground, stream terraces, plants mostly decayed
Rhexia virginica (Meadow Beauty) -two plants in open wet ground
Impatiens pallida (Pale Jewelweed) - common, not in flower
Impatiens capensis (Spotted Jewelweed) -common, not in flower
Hydrophyllum canadense (Bluntleaf Waterleaf) -locally numerous
Hydrophyllum virginianum (Virginia Waterleaf) -frequent
Verbascum thapsus (Common Mullein) -ruderal
Aristolochia serpentaria (Virginia Snakeroot) -infrequent ?
*Plantago major (Common Plantian) -ruderal
*Plantago lanceolata (Narrowleaf Plantain) -ruderal
Viola palmata (Early Blue Violet)
Viola rotundifolia (Roundleaf Violet)
Viola rostrata (Long-spurred Viole)
Viola pubescens (Downy Yellow Violet)
Viola hastata (Halberd-leaf Violet)
Viola blanda (Sweet White Violet)
Viola cucculata (Marsh Blue Violet)
Viola sagittata (Arrowleaf Violet)
Viola macloskeyi var pallens (Smooth White Violet)
Viola sororia (Common Blue Violet )
Viola primulifolia (Primrose-leaf VIolet)
Viola appalachiensis (Appalachian Violet) -old pasture or field
Viola rafinesquii (Field Pansy) -frequent in a field
Viola striata (Striped Violet)
Viola conspersa (Dog Violet)
Hybanthus concolor (Green Violet) -several plants on open wooded slope
*Glechoma hederacea (Ground Ivy) -ruderal
Lechea racemulosa (Illinois Pinweed) -dry rocky woods
Osmorhiza longistylis (Smooth Sweet Cicely) -frequent
Osmorhiza claytoni (Hairy Sweet Cicely )
Zizia aptera (Golden Alexanders)
Zizia trifoliata (Meadow Alexanders) -occasional
Thaspium trifoliatum (Purple Meadow Parsnip) -in large populations to scattered
Thaspium barbinode (Hairy Joint Meadow Parsnip) -frequent
*Thaspium arvense ?
*Thaspium perfoliatum ?
Taenidia integerrima (Yellow Pimpernel) -infrequent
*Conium maculatum (Poison Hemlock) -ruderal
Cicuta maculata (Spotted Water Hemlock ) -occasional in mud
*Daucus carota (Queen Anne's Lace)
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides (Lawn Marshpennywort) -in small mats in shallow roadside ditch
*Dipsacus sylvestris (Teasel) -infrequent, Hacker Valley
Senecio aureus (Golden Ragwort) -common
Senecio obovatus (Roundleaf Ragwort ) -infrequent
*Arctium minus (Lesser Burdock) -roadside
*Taraxicum minus (Dandelion ?) -frequent
*Taraxicum officinalis (Dandelion ) -frequent
*Tussalago farfara (Coltsfoot) -ruderal
Hieracium lanatum (Leafy Hawkweed) -occasional
Antennaria solitaria (Singlehead Pussytoes) -colonies in dryish sterile soil
Antennaria plantaginifoia (Plantain-leaf Pussytoes) -colonies in dryish sterile soil
Antennaria neglecta (Field Pussytoes) -colonies in dryish sterile soil
Ambrosia trifida (Great Ragweed) -ruderal
Ambrosia artemissaefolia (Common Ragweed) -ruderal
Aster pilosus (Hairy Aster)
Aster lanceolatus var simplex
Aster cordifolius (Blue Wood Aster)
Aster lateriflorus (Calico Aster)
Aster divaricatus (White Wood Aster)
Ater prenanthoides (Crooked-stem aster) -common in moist to wet places
Aster macrophyllus (Large-leaf Aster) -locally several
Verbesina alternifolia (Wingstem) -frequent
Verbesina occidentalis (Yellow Crownbeard) -occasional
Eupatorium rugosum (White Snakeroot)
Hieracium venosum (Rattlesnake Weed) -occasional
Hieracium paniculatum (Panicled Hawkweed) -occasional
Hieracium gronovii (Queen Devil) -occasional
*Hieracium pilosella (Mouseear Hawkweed) -locally dense
Lactuca canadensis (Wild Lettuce) -frequent
Coreopsis major (Greater Tickseed) -frequent
Solidago flexicaulis (Zigzag Goldenrod ) -locally several
Solidago caesia (Wreath Goldenrod) -occasional to frequent
Solidago curtisii (Curtis Goldenrod) -occasional

The following are Hacker Valley ruderal taxa.

Barbarea vulgaris (Garden Yellowrocket) -frequent
Barbarea verna (Early Yellowricket)
*Matricaria matricarioides (Pineapple Weed)
*Arabbidopsis thaliana (Mouseear Cress)
*Sisymbrium officinale (Hedge Mustard)
*Artemesia vulgaris (Common Wormwood)
Cichorium intybus (Chicory)
*Leonurus cardiaca (Common Motherwort)
*Lamium amplexicauli (Henbit Deadnettle)
Lamium purpureum (Purple Deadnettle)
*Ornithogalum umbellatum (Star of Bethlehem) -near dwelling
*Vallerianella radiata (Beaked Cornsalad)
*Melilotus alba (White Sweet Clover)
*Melilotus officinalis (Yellow Sweet Clover)
*Vicia angustifolia (Garden Vetch)
*Spiraea japonica (Japanese Meadowsweet)
Aegopodium podagraria (Bishop's Goutweed)
*Paulownia tomentosa (Princess Tree) -scattered throughout
*Ailanthus altissimus (Tree of Heaven)
*Centaurea maculosa (Spotted Knapweed)
*Cirsium vulgare (Bull Thistle)
*Cirsium canadensis (Canada Thistle )
*Berberis thunbergii (Japanese Barberry)

The following lists a separate inventory by Dr. Robert Hunsucker.
It is presented in order of life form.

Tsuga canadensis (Canada Hemlock) - common
Juniperus virginiana (Red Cedar) -scattered
Betula lenta (Black Birch) -common
Betula alleghaniensis (Yellow Birch) -common
Betula nigra (River Birch) -along river
Quiercus muhlenbergii (Chinquapin Oak) - occasional
Quercus prinus (Chestnut Oak ) - common
Quercus rubra (Northern Red Oak) - common
Quercus alba (White Oak) -common
Quercus velutina (Black Oak) - common
Quercus coccinea (Scarlet Oak) i common
Platanus Occidentalis (Sycamore) - frequent
Robimia pseudoacacia (Black Locust) - frequent
Magnolia acuminata (Cucumbertree) - frequent
Magnolia fraseri (Fraser's Magnolia) - frequent
Magnolia tripetala (Umbrellatree) -locally frequent to scattered
Sassafras albidum (Sassafras ) - frequent
Amelanchier arborea (Downy Serviceberry) -common
Amelanchier laevis (Smooth Serviceberry) -occasional
Pyrularia pubera (Buffalonut) -occasional
Ilex opaca (American Holly) - occasional
Ilex montana (Mountain Holly) -occasional to frequent
Ilex verticillata (Winterberry Holly) - locally several
Viburnum acerifolium (Maple-leaf Viburnum) -occasional
Viburnum alnifolium (Witch Hobble) -occasional to frequent locally
Aralia spinosa (Devil's Walkingstick) -frequent
Hamamelis virginiana (Witch Hazel ) -common
Lindera benzoin (Spicebush) - locally several
Rhus typhina (Staghorn Sumac) - frequent
Rhus glabra (Smooth Sumac) - frequent
Rhus copallina (Shining Sumac) - occasional
*Elaeagnus umbellata (Autumn Olive) - Frequent
Corylus cornuta (Beaked Hazelnut) -locally several
Corylus americana (American Hazelnut) -locally several
*Lonicera Morrowii (Morrow's Honeysuckle) -frequent
*Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle) -frequent
*Vinca minor (Lesser Periwinkle) -forming dense ground cover locally
Rhus radicans (Poison Ivy) -common
Parthenocissus quinquefolius (Virginia Creeper) -frequent
Selaginella apoda (Meadow Spikemoss) - infrequent
*Phleum pratense (Timothy) -old field
*Dactylis glomerata (Orchard Grass) -ruderal
Bromus purgans (Hairy Woodland Brome) - occasional to frequent
*Bromus inermis (Smooth Brome) -colonial in open areas
*Bromus japonicus (Japanese Brome, actually European ) - ruderal
Bromus sterilis (Poverty Brome) - forming large populations in open areas
*Bromus tectorum (Cheatgrass) -forming dense populations to scattered
Andropogon virginicus var virginicus (Broomsedge ) -frequent
Andropogon scoparius (little Bluestem) - scattered
Andropogon gerardii (Big Bluestem) -occasional
Glyceria striata (Fowl Mannagrass) - frequent
Glyceria melicaria (Melic Mannagrass) - locally dense
*Microsegium vimineum (Stilt Grass) - common in many areas
Luzula echinata (Hedgehog Woodrush) - frequent locally
Luzula acuminata (Hairy Woodrush) - occasional to frequent
Medeola virginiana (Indian Cucumberroot) - frequent
Maianthemum canadense (Canada Mayflower) -common in cool moist woods (Hemlock, Birch etc.)
Disporum lanuginosum (Hairy Disporum)
Clintonia umbellata (White Clintonia ) - occasional 9in oak-hickery woods
Narcissus sp.
Aureolaria laevigata ????
Polgonum virginianum (Virginia Knotweed) -frequent
Asarum canadense (Wild Ginger) -local
Salvia lyrata (Lyre-leaf Sage) - frequent
Boehmeria cylindrica (False Nettle) - frequent
Laportea canadensis (Wood Nettle) -frequent
*Cerastium viscosum (Mouseear Chickweed) - ruderal
Oxalis montana (White Woodsorrel) - frequent
Oxalis stricta (Upright Yellow Woodsorrel) - frequent
Circaea quadrisulcata (Enchanter's Nightshade) - occasional to frequent
Hedyotis caerulea (Small Bluets) - common in places
Phlox divaricata (Wild Blue Phlox) -infrequent
Phlox subulata (Creeping Phlox) - roadsides
Heuchera americana (American Alumroot) - on rocky cliff
Anemone quinquefolia (Wood Anemone) -common
Anemone virginian (Thimbleweed) - frequent
Parnassia asarifolia (Kidney-leaf Grass of Parnassus) -infrequent or rare
Phoradendron leucarpum (Oak Mistletoe) - apparently uncommon
Epifagus virginiana (Beechdrops) - frequent
Conopholis americana (American Cancerroot) - occasional
Ludwigia palustris (Marsh Seedbox) - frequent in still shallow water
Prunella vulgaris (Selfheal, both native and introduced varieties) -frequent
Elsholtzia ciliata (Crested Late Summer Mint ) -a few plants near River
Elsholtzia lathyrus ??-infrequent on rocky slope
Pycnanthemum flexuosum (Appalachian Mountain Mint) - population in field
Pycnanthemum pycnanthemoides (Southern Mountain Mint) -occasional on road banks
Lycopus americanus (Water Horehound) - determined vegetatively
Lycopus uniflorus (Northern Bugleweed) - with tubers
Lycopus virginicus (Virginia Water Horehound) -infrequent
Euphorbia corollata (Flowering Spurge ) -infrequent
*Leonurus cardiaca (Common Mothrewort) -ruderal
Calllitriche heterophylla (Larger Water Starwort) -a few plants in a quiet pool
Anaphalis margaritacea (Pearly Everlasting) - occasional in open dry areas
Cunila origanoides (Dittany) -infrequent
Erienia bulbosa (Harbinger of Spring) - locally frequent
Cryptotaenia canadensis (Honewort) - frequent
Angelica triquinata (Filmy Angelica) - occasional to frequent
Angelica venenosa (Hairy Angelica) - infrequent
Aralia nudicaulis (Wild Sarsaparilla) - frequent
Aralia racemosa (American Spikenard) - infrequent
Panax trifolius (Dwarf Ginseng) -occasional
Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng) -infrequent
*Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (Ox-eye Daisy) - ruderal
Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) -ruderal
Erigeron philadelphicus (Philadelphia Fleabane) - frequent
Erigeron annuus (Daisy Fleabane) - frequent
Erigeron pulchellus (Robin's Plantain) - forming local colonies
Erigeron strigosus (Whitetop) - frequent

Fungi (Mushrooms)

Deldinia concentrica
Diatrype stigma
Dibotrya morbosa-common parasite on Prunus
Disciotis venosa
Entoloma vernum
Exidia glandulosa
Flammulina velutipes
Fomes fomentarius
Galerina autumnalis
Ganoderma applanatum
Ganoderma tsugae
Glaeophyllum sapiarium
Gyromitra brunnea (1)
Hyphaloma fasciculare
Inonotus obliquus
Lentinus strigosus
Marasmius rotula
Marasmuis sp.
Mitrula elegans
Morchella elata
Morchella esculenta (1)
Morchella semilibera
Mycena haematopis
Mycena leaiana
Mycena pura
Mycena sp.
Nolanea verna
Panaeolus foenisecii
Panellus stipticus
Peziza sp.
Phellinus rimosus
Pholiota veris
Pleurotus ostreatus
Psathyrella candollleana
Psathyrella delineata
Psathyrella velutina
Psathyrella sp.
Sarcoscypha coccinea-striking scarlet cups
Sarcoscypha occidentalis-striking scarlet cups
Stereum ostrea
Tremella mesenterica
Trichaptum biforme
Tricholomopsis platyphylla
Rticholomopsis rutilans
Urnula craterium
Ustulina deusta
Xeromphalina campanella
Xeromphalina tenuipes
Xylaria polymorpha


Arthropods

Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio glaucas)
Spring Azure (Celastrinna "ladon")
1/2 doz, millipedes (those with brown almost cylindrical bodies hidden in rotting plant debris here
large black ants living under flat rocks in open oak-hickory

Amphibians and Reptiles

Slimy Salamander (Plethodon glutinosus )
Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
Spring Salamander (Gyrinophorus porphyriticus)
Dusky Salamander (Desmognatus fuscus)
Red-spotted Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens)
Mud Puppy (Nekturus maculosus)
Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica) (1)
Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) (1)
Eastern Box Turtle ( Terapene carolina ) (2)

Birds

Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) (a few)
Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) (1)
Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) (1)
Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura )
Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor ) (a few)
American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos ) (a few)
Raven (Corvus corax) (2)
Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata ) (2)
European Starling ( Sturnus vugaris) (a few)
Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) (2-3)
Ameican Robin (Turdus migratorius ) (a few)
Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor )
Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina) (1)
Black and White Warbler (Minotilta varia ) (1)
Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula )

Mammals

Star-nosed Mole (Condylura cristata) -sighted
Black Bear (Ursus americanus ) - scat / tracks
Raccoon (Procyon lotor ) - scat / tracks
Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ) -sighted
Gray Squirrel (Sciurus griseus) -sighted
Groundhog (Marmota monax) -sighted
Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) -runs, tunnels
Woodland Vole (Microtus pinetorum) -runs, tunnels
Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus ) -sighted
White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) -sighted

The following are inventories (not in order of life form) conducted by Dr. Robert Hunsucker on May 17 2008.

Orobanche uniflora (One-flowered Broomrape) -uncommon beside trail
Platago rugelii (Blackseed Plantain) -ruderal, frequent
Triosteum perfoliatum (Feverwort) -infrequent
Asclepias quadrifolia (Fourleaf Milkweed) -occasional in open mesic woods
*Lithospermum arvense (Field Gromwell) -ruderal, local
Stylophorum diphyllum (Celadine Poppy) -uncommon in fertile mesic woods
*Ranunculus acris (Tall Buttercup) -ruderal, several locally
Cirsium arvense (Canada Thistle) -infrequent in disturbed areas
*Cirsium vulgatum-ruderal, frequent
*Cirsium brachypetalum -ruderal, infrequent
Phacelia dubia (Small-flower Phacelia) -local on roadside
*Cardamine bulbosa (Bulbous Bittercress) -infrequent in wet soil
Euphorbia maculata (Spotted Spurge) -ruderal, infrequent
Oxalis violacea (Violet Woodsorrel) -ruderal, infrequent
*Oxalis corniculata (Creeping Woodsorrel)
Oxalis stricta (Upright Yellow Woodsorrel) -ruderal,infrequent
*Chelidonium majus (Celandine) -infrequent at woods border
Cardamine parviflora (Sand Bittercress) -in dry soil
Cardamine rotundifolia (American Bittercress (
*Cardamine pratensis (Cuckoo Flower) -infrequent in low moist opening
Cerastium nutans var nutans (Nodding Chickweed) -locally several in old logging road
Cerastium semidecandrum ? ruderal, infrequent
Ranunculus micranthus (Rock Buttercup) -infrequent in mesic woods
*Stellaria graminea (Grass-like Starwort) -local in meadow
Dentaria X maxima -infrequent in rich woods
Cardamine clematitis (Small Mountain Bittercress) -infrequent in wet ground
Myosotis virginica-infrequent in moist open woods
Carex wildenovii-occasional in rich woods
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus (Coral Berry) -infrquent on rocky slope
Penstemon laevigatus (Eastern Smooth Beardtongue) -infrequent in open woods and on banks
Scrophularia marilandica (Carpenter's Square) -occasional in open woods and on banks
Ceanothus americanus (New Jersey Tea) -occasional on sunny shaley slopes
Nemopanthus collinus (Mountain Holly) -occasional along River
*Vicia dasycarpa (Smooth Vetch) -ruderal, Hacker Valley
*Vicia villosa (Hairy Vetch) -ruderal, Hacker Valley
Vicia caoliniana (Carolina Vetch) -occasional in deciduous woods)
*Duchesnea indica (Indian Strawberry) -ruderal, Hacker Valley
Spiraea alba (White Meadowsweet) -frequent in low, open, moist to wet ground
Spiraea tomentosa (Steeplebush ) -frequent in low, open, moist to wet ground
Gillenia trifoliata (Bowman's Root) -occasional on banks
Malus angustifolia (Southern Crabapple) -a single plant in low open areaCardwell,
Mimulus ringens (Allegheny Monkey Flower) -occasional in wet open ground
Aronia melanocarpa (Black Chokeberry) -occasional in rocky woods
Aronia arbutifolia (Red Chokeberry) -infrequent in wet woods and open areas
Amelanchier spicata (Low Sertviceberry) -infrequent in low brushy area
Crataegus crus-galli (Cockspur Hawthorn) -infrequent in open mesic area, in flower
Crataegus intricata (Copenhagen Hawthorn ) -infrequent in open deciduous mesic woods, in flower
Crataegus macrosperma (Big Fruit Hawthorn) -frequent in various habitats
Crataegus punctata (Dotted Thorn) -frequent in different habitats
Crataegus pruinosa (Waxyfruit Hawthorn) -infrequent along a stream
Erythronium albidum ? (White Fawnlily) -rich mesic woods, withered flowers
*Ornithogalum umbellatum (Star of Bethlehem) -infrequent, Hacker Valley
*Asparagus officinallis (Garden Asparagus) -several locally, Hacker Valley
Trillium sessile (Toadshade) -infrequent in mesic woods
*Polygonum convulvulus (Black Bindweed) -ruderal,occasional
Polygonum scandens (Climbing False Buckwheat) -occasional in moist brushy and disturbed areas
*Polygonum orientale (Kiss Me Over the Garden) -local and colonial, Hacker Valley
*Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese Knotweed) -local and colonial, Hacker Valley

Summary

Note number of ferns, aquatic plants and sedges. These characteristics are even more evident in inventories executed later in the season.

References

Cardwell, Dudley H., Robert B. Erwin, Herbert P. Woodward and Charles W. Lutz (1968) Geologic Map of West Virginia, slightly revised in 1986. West Virginia Geologi and Economic Survey, Morgantown, West Virginia.

Strausbaugh, P. D. and Earl L. Core (1977) Flora of West Virginia, second eddition. Seneca Books, Inc., Grantsville, West Virginia