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Augusta County, Virginia
Maple
Flats, more than a topographic feature, is a complex, multifaceted
ecosystem that incorporates elements of Appalachian, coastal and
northern floras and faunas. It consists of a northeast- sloping
plain formed by coalescent alluvial fans or aprons at the base of
the dissected Big Levels plateau. Comprised of a mix of materials
ranging from boulders to silts and muds, these fans are inferred to
have been deposited by powerful braided streams during the last ice
age more than 15,000 years ago. Most of the material brought down by
these streams was derived from the resistant Antietam Quartzite of
Big Levels (Kochel and Simmons,1986). At present little or no
sediment deposition is occurring at Maple Flats and the present day
streams, among which are Kennedy Creek and Canada Run in the area of
this study, are now eroding the fans on their way to the South
River. Thus Maple Flats consists essentially of fossil alluvium.
The
alluvial deposits of Maple Flats are underlain by carbonates (limestones and dolomites) of Cambrian age, which have for millions
of years been subject to dissolution from downward-percolating
solutions of acid rain water that is further acidified by the
siliceous rock of the fans. This process has given rise to dozens of
sinkhole ponds that punctuate the alluvial plain. These ponds range
in size from tiny to 800 feet (244 m) in largest dimension and in
depth from very shallow to over 10 feet (3m) in some pond centers.
As a consequence of different positions within the regional
subsurface drainage pattern the ponds show considerable variation in
their seasonal cycles of inundation and drying and this, combined
with the resident streams and local seeps, has given rise to a great
diversity of habitats and biota.
More
than 90 species of vascular plants that are to some degree disjunct
from their normal ranges have been found at Maple Flats (T.
Wieboldt, 1995, personal communication). Some of these are rare and
are listed in Virginia's Endangered Species (Terwilliger ed., 1991). Included are the pondweed Potamogeton
oakesianus, Barratt's sedge (Carex barrattii ),Variable
Sedge (Carex polymorpha), Black-fruited Spikerush (Eleocharis melanocarpa), Robbin's Spikerush (E.
robbinsii), Torrey's Bullrush (Scirpus torreyi),
White Buttons (Eriocaulon septangulare), Swamp Pink (Helonias bullata ), Bog Rose (Arthusa bulbosa) and
Virginia Sneezeweed (Helenium virginicum). The last-named
is a two county endemic. Prominent among disjunct fauna is the Tiger
Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum). Many plants of
the area have been classified in terms of community types by Fleming
and VanAlstine (1999) in a symposium proceedings , number 13, of
the journal Banisteria. This number, which should also be
consulted for an overview of the fauna and other aspects of the
region and which contains an extensive bibliography of previous
work, is referred to in our text as "B 13" where its
nomenclature is adopted.
Although
many unusual species occur a Maple Flats, the area is just as
significant with regard to species not found there. Particularly
striking is the small number of canopy tree species, and to a lesser
degree this is true of woody plants in general. Also, many familiar
herbs of adjacent areas of similar elevation and precipitation are
missing. Close examination of the topography, rock base and soils
immediately suggests an answer. The dominantly siliceous quartzite
alluvium is poor in nutrients and this deficiency has, through the
years been accentuated by vertical leaching of the upper horizons.
Due to low relief there is no access to colluvial processes which
might enrich these soils, although some enrichment might occur
through horizontal diffusive (leaf) transport (Mueller, MS)
The
upland forest is continuous with and similar to that described for
Kennedy Creek above Coal Road (see our section on Kennedy Creek).
Like the latter, it is dominated by oaks, Black Gum (Nyssa
sylvatica), Pignut (Carya glabra) and Mockernut ( C.
tomentosa ) Hickories, Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida ) and
Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata ). Red Maple (Acer
rubrum), White Oak (Quercus alba), Black Gum, Pitch
Pine and Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) dominate
moister areas. Significantly, the upland is characterized by
Scarlet, Black and Chestnut Oaks (Quercus coccinia, Q.
velutina and Q. prinus ) that are adapted to the
severest conditions. Missing or in very low numbers even in the
mesic areas are basswoods (Tilia spp), elms (Ulmus
spp), hackberries (Celtis spp), Sugar Maple (Acer
saccharum), Beech (Fagus grandifolia ), White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Black Cherry (Prunus serotina), Shagbark and Bitternut Hickories (Carya ovata and C.
cordiformis), Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and
even White Pine (Pinus strobus) (planted but does not
reproduce). Understory trees are largely confined to Downy
Serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea) and Flowering Dogwood
(Cornus florida ), but such species as Hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana ), Muscletree (Carpinus caroliniana )
and hawthorns (Crataegus sp) are not found. Similarly,
shrubs are virtually confined to acidiphiles such as Upland low
Blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), Dangleberry (Gaylussacia
frondosa ) and other huckleberries, St. Andrew's Cross (
Hypericum hypericoides ), Mountain Laurel (Kalmia
latifolia), Chinquapin ( Castanea pumila ), azaleas (Rhododendron spp) and Corymbed Spiraea ( Spiraea
corymbosa ), while other widespread species such as Witch Hazel
(Hamamelis virginiana ) also are missing. Vines are
dominated by the greenbriers, especially the wide-ranging Common
Greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia ), but the upland forests
are characterized also by the acidiphile Saw brier (S. glauca
).
Herbs
too are similar to those of the upland forest along upper Kennedy
Creek, except that an additional species, Pipsissewa (Chimaphila
umbellata ), occurs in close association with its congener,
Spotted Wintergreen (C. maculata).
Although
soils - if they may be called such - in the upland forest, consist
of little more than white sand or coarse cobble under a thin mor,
trees generally have good form. This is probably in part
attributable to an elevated water table during the growing season,
but may also reflect nutrients from the underlying carbonates
brought in contact with the deeper roots.
Introduction
to the Maple Flats wetland complex conveniently begins at the two
large artificial ponds (here referred to as "false ponds") which now desecrate it just north of Coal Road. Unfortunately
construction of these ponds caused considerable disruption of the
local drainage and soils, and along Coal Road probably contributed
previously unavailable nutrients to the system. The false ponds are
rimmed by a variety of vegetation, much of it alien. However natives
also occur here.
A
part of the native wetland complex of Canada Run lies immediately to
the east of the false ponds and extends north along the Run. While
stream banks here are low, they are higher downstream and on other
branches, reflecting the prevalent erosion regime. The swamp forest
here is dominated by Red Maple, with Black Gum, Tuliptree, White Oak
and Pitch Pine. Many of the Pitch Pines - some quite large - are
dead, perhaps victims of the changed drainage, but more likely of
pine beetles. The understory here consists of Arrow-wood Viburnum (
Viburnum dentatum), Smooth Alder (Alnus serrulata ),
Winterberry Holly (Ilex verticillata), Wild Raisin (
Viburnum cassinoides ), Possum Haw (V. nudum
), Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum).
Dangleberry, azalea (Rhododendron sp) and Red
Chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia ). Spice Bush (Lindera
benzoin), which is usually associated with richer soils, occurs
throughout. Other species, including herbs, are discussed in what
follows.
In terms
of terrain covered in our inventories, Maple Flats may be divided as
follows: 1) upland forest, 2) the constructed false ponds, 3) the
Canada Run swamp to the east of the false ponds, 4)the area
downstream from the false ponds, 5) ponds along the woods road,
including Twin and Spring Ponds and 6) ponds near the 1600 foot (488 m) asl contour.
Also
presented here is the first systematic survey of bryophytes (
exclusive of the Sphagnums) for Maple Flats known to this
reporter.
Our
10-8-93 survey was also brief, but extended to a tiny natural
sinkhole pond (Elusive Pond of B 13) immediately north of the
largest false pond. Here was an abundance of the coastal plain shrub
Possum Haw, then laden with ripe and nearly ripe fruit, and
Dangleberry, as well as the more widespread Red Chokeberry and
Winterberry Holly, both also heavy with ripe fruit, Arrowwood
Viburnum and Spice Bush. Particularly abundant here was Common
Greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia), which formed
dense patches on the pond's south and west sides. A pondweed that
sprawled on mud flats of this little pond may have been Potamogeton
oakesianus, but could not be identified as such. Cricket Frogs
appeared to be particularly common at this pond, which was sited in
young and dense swamp forest of decidedly acid character, with
Teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens) in heavy mats of
Sphagnum.
On
10-16-93 a more detailed inventory was done in the swamp forest east
of the false ponds. Successively noted in a traverse south to north
along Canada Run were Northern Bugleweed (Lycopus uniflorus ),
Large-flowered Skullcap (Scutellaria integrifolia), Ground
Berry (Rubus hispidus), Cardinal Flower (Lobelia
cardinalis), Honey Mushroom (Armillariella mellea), Highbush Blueberry, Possum Haw, Red Chokeberry, Blue-black
Chokeberry (Aronia prunifolia ), Primrose-leaf Violet (
Viola primulifoia ), Wild Raisin, Carex intumescens,
a Harvester (Feniseca tarquinius) Butterfly, a predator of
scale insects (Klotz, 1951), Small Green Wood Orchid (Habenaria
clavellata ), Ridged Yellow Flax (Linum striatum),
American Feverfew (Parthenium integrifolium),
Aneilema keisak, Winterberry Holly, Bushy Aster (Aster
dumosus), Calico Aster (A. lateriflorus) and
Toothed White-topped Aster (Seriocarpus asteroides or
Aster paternus). In the vicinity of the small sinkhole pond
north of the false ponds we observed Virginia Chain Fern (
Woodwardia virginica ) for the first time, while on the
mudflats of the largest false pond the spikerush Eleocharis
acicularis formed dense mats in association with Mermaid Weed (
Proserpinaca palustris ), Small-flowered St. Johns-wort, the
panic grass Panicum boscii, Spreading Witch Grass (Panicum
dichtomiflorum) and the "fire weed" Erectites
hieracifolium. As usual, an abundance of Cricket Frogs was
manifest, particularly in the vicinity of the small sinkhole pond.
Some
additional upland species seen this day were Stiff Aster (Aster
linariifolius ), St. Andrew's Cross (Hypericum
hypericoides var multicaule ) and Goats Rue (Tephrosia
virginiana ),
Our
walk of 4-23-94 was a rapid reconnaissance, first through the swamp
east of the false ponds, where we again noted the lush Tree
Clubmoss, Marsh Blue Violet ( Viola cuculatta ) in bloom,
small white violets, either Northern White (Viola pallens )
or Sweet White ( V. blanda) and Cinnamon Fern (Osmunda
cinnamomea) in the fiddlehead stage. Then in the adjacent
upland forest we saw Sessile-leaved Bellwort (Uvularia
sessilifolia ), scattered small Canada Hemlock and Pinxter
Azalea (Rhododendron nudiflorum), also in bloom. Towhee (Papilo erythropthalmus) calls were common, and two ducks,
likely Wood (Aix sponsa ) were flushed from an unidentified
pond with heavy shrub undergrowth. Also observed was the fairly
frequent occurrence of an evergreen, thick-leaved small grape fern
that may, judging by its leaf shape, have been Blunt-lobe Grape Fern
( Botrychium oneidense ), but more likely was Cut-leaf Grape
Fern (B. dissectum). Although there were scattered Gypsy
Moth (Lymantria dispar) egg masses, the eggs bore small
holes, presumably evidence of a parasite, and thus were not viable.
Despite the recent heavy onslaught of this insect, many oaks seemed
to be making a vigorous recovery, although many too were perishing
or lost limbs. As on previous walks, Cricket Frogs were common.
Our
walk of 5-23-94 began by flushing a Woodcock (Philohela minor) near the pond parking lot on Coal Road (FR 42), just south of
the smallest false pond. Other birds seen and/or heard in the
vicinity were White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis)
and Tufted Titmouse ( Parus bicolor). Along the shore of
the smallest false pond we saw Fox Grape (Vitis labrusca ),
the parent of some domestic grapes, and heard calls of Green and
Bull Frogs (Rana clamitans and R. catesbyiana ).
East of this pond we noted Creeping Five-leaf (Potentilla
simplex/canadensis ) (in later inventories to be identified as
to species by floral characteristics), Common Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense ), Whorled Loosestrife ( Lysimachia
quadrifolia ), Yellow Stargrass (Hypoxis hirsuta ),
Mockernut Hickory, Gypsy Moth eggs and the song of an unidentified
vireo. Also seen was an unidentified ground berry, not Rubus
hispidus, but with a dull, dark green leaf. Following this we
heard Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus ), Scarlet
Tanager (Piranga olivacea) and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla
mustellina ) and saw Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis),
Indian Cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana ) and Spice Bush.
A
sinkhole pond (Willow 3 of B 13) immediately west of the woods
road junction, was rimmed by Post and Pin Oaks (Quercus
palustris), Black Gum, Persimmon (Quercus stellata), Red Maple and Shortleaf Pine, with undergrowth of huckleberry,
while the pond, then dry, bore Dwarf Upland Willow (Salix
tristis), Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria ),
Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum), a variety of
tall grasses and mosses, including haircap (Polytrichum sp) and peat (Sphagnum sp).
The
next sinkhole pond visited (Oak 13 of B 13) lay just to the east
of the left fork of the woods road. An exciting occurrence here was
the sighting of a large Broadhead Skink (Eumeces laticeps )
as it left the water with a splash and dashed rapidly up a large
dead snag that stood in the water. Adding to the scene was the
bright red breeding color of the animal's head. To date this is the
only sighting of this species in the area that this reporter is
aware of.
Our
last stop of the day was at a pond that consisted of two parts (
Twin Pond of B 13) with these separated by a low isthmus that was
flooded in high water. It lies immediately to the northwest of the
previously discussed pond. Here we observed a flock of Cedar
Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum), heard a Wood Duck
and a rich chorus of several species of frogs, not all of which were
identified. Here we also saw our first Maleberry (Lyonia
ligustrina ) and a Pitch Pine with resin oozing from holes
that may have been made by the Southern Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus
frontalis ).
Our
survey of 11-6-94 was conducted under a near cloudless sky and
unseasonably warm (~80 deg. F/ 27 deg. C) temperatures. Starting
just west of the largest false pond, a traverse was made northwest
for about 600 feet (180 m) along the 1600 ft. contour to the pond
a little east of it (Pond 2 of B 13) . Here for the first time we
noted mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens) on Black Gum and
were struck by the variety of tall grasses (to be discussed later)
in the pond bed, which again was dry. We then continued northwest
for about 800 feet (240 m) to a larger pond (Pond Deep 17 of B 13
), which was also dry. Both of these ponds lay on the edge of an old
clearcut. In the upland forest between the two ponds we observed an
unidentified gentian (Gentiana sp) with closed but faded
blossoms, that had long gone to seed. Mosses in this upland forest
appeared to be dominated by one or more species of Leucobryum,
mostly at tree bases. Noted at the second pond were Highbush
Blueberry, extensive Sphagnum that extended from the mud
flats into the bordering forest, a Persimmon tree with tasty fruits
and a flock of Cedar Waxwings.
We then
traversed a little west of north for perhaps 2000 feet (610 m) to
the national forest boundary where we saw a quite large pond or
wetland (Kennedy Mountain Meadow of B 13) that lay just beyond the
boundary. As this wetland lay on private land we did not inspect it,
but turned east toward the largest pond in the entire complex,
Spring Pond.
On
the way to Spring Pond we encountered a small dry pond that
exhibited a very distinct high water mark on trees within it. Not
far beyond this pond we also had an opportunity, at a fallen tree,
to observe the "soil" to some depth, noting that it
consisted of little more than white sand and cobbles with an
inch-thick mor layer at the surface.
Having
arrived at Spring Pond, which is some 800 feet (244 m) in greatest
dimension and almost full of water even at this dry season, we noted
a canopy along the shore dominated by Red Maple and Black Gum, many
of which had been attacked by Beaver ( Castor canadensis )
or showed fire scars. Also common, particularly along the north
shore,were numerous dead or diseased Pitch Pine. Understory
consisted of Highbush Blueberry, Possum Haw, Maleberry and Smooth
Alder. Some Pitch Pine showed evidence of the Southern Pine Beetle.
Moving along the pond's south shore from the west, we encountered a
patch of Large Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) at the
water's edge, where this plant could benefit from a favorable mix of
light and shade as well as moisture and lower temperatures. The
Cranberry grew in Sphagnum with a variety of herbs that we
will identify later when we report on inventories done during the
growing season. However fruit present at this season was some of the
largest this reporter ever saw.
Although
Spring Pond at this season had almost open water, a substantial
number of plants were visible and these may have consisted mostly of
Golden Club (Orontium aquaticum ) that covers the surface
almost completely during the summer.
Our
return to Coal Road, during which we noted a Red-bellied Woodpecker
(Centurus carolinus ), took us past Twin Pond. On this day
the dry surface of the largest of the pair exhibited a very bouldery
shore and bed, and Virginia Sneezeweed was in full bloom on the
isthmus between the two ponds. Also of interest is the apparent
bleaching of the surface of the boulders and cobbles, which may
signal acid leaching of iron or other oxides when exposed near the
surface.
We then
continued to the pond (Oak 13 of B 13) which lies about 500 feet (150 m) southeast of Twin Pond and is the one in which the Broadhead
Skink was seen on 5-23-94. This pond too was dry except for a
residue of water in its deepest part. Also observed here was a stand
of small Pin Oak as well as mistletoe on Black gum.
A
few scattered small Canada Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and
Virginia Juniper (Juniperus virginiana) were seen in the
adjacent forest.
Maple Flats
January, 2001; Updated February 2003 and February 2004
Introduction
Maple Flats, 4-23-94
Upland Forest
4-23-94, Maple Flats: Botrychium oneidense?
4-23-94, Maple Flats: Canada Run Swamp
4-23-94, Maple Flats: Osmunda cinnamomea and Trautvetteria caroliniensis
Maple Flats, 10-16-93
Aneilema keisak
note flowers
10-5-93, Maple Flats: Aronia arbutifolia
Source
Walks: 10-2-93, 10-8-93, and 10-16-93
Our
survey of 10-2-93 was in the nature of a reconnaissance with general
observations of the swamp forest in the vicinity of and east of the
false ponds along a branch of Canada Run. The canopy in this forest
is dominated by Red Maple and large, mostly dead Pitch pine. Here
for the first time we noted the uncommon herb Aneilema keisak,
a coastal plain species also found in East Asia (now generally
conceded as being introduced by human agencies). Also seen in the
swamp were luxuriant patches of Tree Clubmoss (Lycopodium
obscurum), Arrow-leaf Tearthumb ( Polygonum sagittatum )
and Marsh Purslane (Ludwigia palustris), while
Small-flowered St. Johns-wort (Hypericum mutilum) was
found on mud flats of the nearly dry largest false pond. Of
particular interest was the abundance of variously colored Northern
Cricket Frogs (Acris crepitans ). Other fauna observed were
an Eastern Ringneck Snake (Diadophis punctatus) and a
Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias ) fishing in a
small residual pool in the largest false pond. Edging this pond was
Black Willow (Salix nigra) and abundant Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis).
5-23-94, Maple Flats: Upland Willow
5-25-95, Maple Flats: Cardinal Flower with Swallow-tail
Source
Walks: 4-23-94, 5-23-94 and 11-6-94
Maple Flats, 5-7-95
Mike Jones with post-fire sprouts of Chestnut Oak
Maple Flats, 5-7-95
Black Oak with basal fire scar tissue.
Maple Flats, 5-7-95
Spring Pond, view NE
Maple Flats, 11-16-94
Largest of Twin Pond
note bleached fan cobbles
Our walk on 4-26-95 was along the woods road west of the false ponds and extended to Spring Pond. Still near Coal Road we passed through richer, more mesic forest than is usual for the upland and possibly under the influence of spoil material related to human activities. Here we saw the first and only Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense) seen on the Flats, as well as the alien Beefsteak Plant (Pirilla frutescens ). Farther along, in dry forest, we again noted St. Andrew's Cross and Pinxter Azalea, then Arrow-leaf Violet (Viola sagittata ), Dwarf Iris (Iris verna) in bloom, Poverty Oat Grass (Danthonia spicata ), Common Speedwell (Veronica officinalis ), the sedge Carex artitecta, Cow Wheat (Melampyrum lineare) and Mountain Bellwort ( Uvularia pudica ), with the latter in full bloom. Numerous butterflies, including various swallowtails (Papilio sp) and Spring Azure ( Lycaenopsis argiolus pseudargiolus), while unidentified woodpeckers and warblers were seen and/or heard. There were no signs of the Gypsy Moth and oaks were vigorously coming into leaf.
At Spring Pond the entire surface was dotted with the flower spikes of Golden Club, and along the shore, Highbush Blueberry and Minnie-bush (Menziesia pilosa ) were leafing out. In one place a single, partially-submerged plant of Swamp Pink was in bloom. Golden Club and Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) showed evidense of having been fed upon, perhaps by Muskrat ( Ondara zibethica) , Beaver or Deer. Other herbs noted here were Fly Poison (Amianthium muscaetoxicum), Kidney-leaf Grass of Parnassus (Parnassia asarifolia), Shining Clubmoss (Lycopodium lucidulum ), Tree Clubmoss and Bracken Fern.
Also seen were seedlings of Black Chokeberry (based on glaberous leaves). Yellow Swallowtail Butterflies were present and Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) called from the pond.
Observed in the upland forest during our return were Mockernut Hickory, Persimmon ( Diospyros virginiana) and the sedge Carex laxiflora.
On 5-7-95, a sunny but cool day, we again skirted the east side of the false ponds. Here were Marsh Blue Violet and small white violets, either Sweet White or Northern White, both in bloom. Spice Bush, Hay-scented Fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula) and the panic grass Panicum boscii were also noted, as was a beautiful Rose-breasted Grossbeak ( Pheucticus ludvicianus) in low trees. Vireos were heard, and tiny, very warty, gray Northern Cricket Frogs seen in the stream's vicinity.
Then traversing the upland forest north of the largest false pond, we saw Cinnamon Fern, Four-leaved Yam ( Dioscorea quaternata ) and a single small Hawthorn (Crataegus sp), the first and only member of the genus seen thus far at the Flats. Here also we saw a Black Oak with a swollen base that may have been a fire scar.
Now reaching the woods road west of the false ponds, we again visited the pond (Oak 13) at which we had seen the Broadhead Skink on 5-25-94. On this pond's north side, on a mud flat, in association with haircap moss, we saw the last season's dried remains of a plant that resembled a pinweed (Lechea sp). Then on the woods road again, we noted frequent Common Speedwell, some Wild Vetch ( Vicia caroliniana ) in bloom and, in the nearby forest, good examples of spaced fire sprouts of Chestnut Oak.A brief visit to Twin Pond in passing showed small berries already formed on Highbush Blueberry there.
Arriving next at Spring Pond, we identified Wild Sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis ) for the first time at the Flats. Also seen were witches broom on serviceberry and a little Partridge Berry ( Mitchella repens) and heard a Yellow-billed Cuckoo call. Then proceeding to the boggy inlet at the Pond's east end, a spot inventory was done of the vegetation in an area of about 400 square meters. Tallied species were Red Maple, Black Gum, a little Pitch Pine, Highbush Blueberry, a Chokeberry of unidentified species, Winterberry Holly, Possum Haw, a little Mountain Laurel, Cinnamon Fern, a single Royal Fern, very large and abundant Skunk Cabbage, Swamp Pink, Golden Club, Indian Cucumber-root, abundant Teaberry, unidentified sedges and a Pink Ladyslipper (Cypripedium acaule ). Sphagnum was abundant throughout.
The survey of 7-18-95 consisted of a circuit of the false ponds followed by a spot inventory of a stand of mature forest that lies between the pond and woods road parking lots.
Identified in the upland forest on the approach to the swamp east of the false ponds were Indian Tobacco (Lobelia inflata ), an unidentified species of Clematis, abundant Virginia Creeper ( Parthenocissus quinqefolia ) and Summer Grape ( Vitis aestivalis). After passing through a stand of Smooth Alder, Small Green Wood Orchid, Intermediate Shield Fern ( Dryopteris intermedia) and a little Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) were seen. Also noted was a low shrub that by leaf shape, color, veins and teeth, had the appearance of Low Serviceberry (Amelanchier spicata) and farther along, Dotted St. Johns Wort (Hypericum punctatum), Seedbox (Ludwigia alternifolia), Mountain Meadowrue (Thalictrum clavatum) and the calls of Crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos) and Scarlet Tanagers. It should be mentioned that calls of the latter were frequent throughout the traverse. Next seen were Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis ), a little Partridge Berry and, on higher ground, New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis) and abundant seedlings of Sassafras (Sassafra albidum).
On the approach to the stream that discharges from the largest false pond, a lush patch of Royal Fern attracted the eye. This was followed in the upland forest by the first-noted American Chestnut ( Castanea dentata ) and Maple-leaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium ), then by abundant Dangleberry and a cluster - the only seen all day - of Gypsy Moth eggs.
Seen on the return along the woods road were frequent Bushy Panic Grass ( Panicum dichotomum ), Upland Low Blueberry with ripe fruit, Saw Brier, Deer Berry (Vaccinium stamineum) with green fruit and a morning glory, likely Ipomoea pandurata.
Our spot inventory was taken in a stand of mature mesic forest that lies between the pond and woods road parking lots. The area is bisected by the steep - banked inlet stream - a branch of Canada Run - of the smallest false pond. The canopy consisted of Red Maple, Tuliptree, Black Gum, White, Scarlet and Black Oaks, a few Pitch Pine, Black Locust and stunted and distorted Black Cherry. Measured dbh values of some canopy species are as follows. Tuliptree: 23 inches (0.58 m ), Scarlet Oak: 22 inches (0.56 m) and 24 inches (o.61 m) and Pitch Pine: 24 inches. The most important understory species here is Flowering Dogwood, but Downy Serviceberry is also present. Spice Bush is an abundant shrub in moist areas where Black Elderberry ( Sambucus canadensis) and Allegheny Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis ) also occur. Other shrubs that are scattered thinly are Mountain Laurel, Pinxter Azalea, Arrowwood, Black Haw ( Viburnum prunifolium) and Maple -leaf Viburnums and the alien Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata ) . On a moist slope, below the woods road and with a few shrubs extending to the stream, there is a large patch of Coral Berry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus ), a species not seen elsewhere on the Flats, and which here may be related to introduced nutrients. Common Greenbrier is abundant throughout, and Virginia Creeper, Ground Berry (Rubus hispidus) and another unidentified ground or dewberry are other vines. There were patches of New York Fern and, mostly near the stream, Cinnamon, Royal, Christmas (Polytrichum acrostichoides ) and Intermediate Shield Ferns as well. Other herbs noted were Tree Clubmoss, Indian Cucumber-root, small patches of Partridge Berry, abundant Carex intumescens, stunted Sweet-scented Bedstraw (Galium triflorum), Virginia Strawberry (Fragaria virginiana ) a patch of Downy rattlesnake Plantain (Goodyera pubescens ), a little Carex baileyi, Plume Lily ( Smilacina racemosa) , Sessile-leaved Bellwort (Uvularia sessilifolia) and Mountain Bellwort. Abundant in moist areas was the alien Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) and small colonies of Putty Root (Aplectrum hyemale ). A few Cricket Frogs were seen, but most were doubtless concealed by the heavy ground cover.
Our walk of 8-24-95 again originated at the pond parking lot on Coal road. From there we proceeded through the swamp east of the false ponds to the small pond (Elusive of B 13) north of these ponds. We then visited several ponds along the woods road and ended our walk at Spring Pond.
Before entering the swamp we noted Golden Aster (Chrysopsis mariana ), Primrose-leaf Violet, Wild Senstive Plant (Cassia nictitans ) and Autumn Bent Grass (Agrostis perennans ). On entering the swamp we saw Virginia Yellow Flax (Linum virginianum) and Cardinal Flower in full bloom with many swallowtail butterflies (Papilio sp) in attendance. Within, and in close proximity to the stream, we saw an unidentified quillwort (Isoetes sp), Crayfish, minnows and a Green Frog. Fungi in the vicinity included Red Chantrelle (Cantharellus cinnabarinus ) and species of Russula and Entoloma. Next seen were Carex lurida, Wrinkle-leaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa), White Grass ( Leersia virginica), Cutleaf Grapefern, Large-flowered Skullcap, Carex swanii, Common Beggar-ticks (Bidens vulgata ), New York Fern and a single Black Haw Viburnum. The calls of a Piliated Woodpecker ( Dryocopus pileatus ) were heard at intervals.
As we approached the outlet stream for the largest false pond, we saw a patch of Intermediate Shield Fern, and quite unexpectedly for this elevation, a few plants of Mountain Aster (Aster acuminatus), perhaps indicating accumulation of subsiding cold air from the mountains. Also present in the vicinity were Witerberry Holly, Highbush Blueberry, Rubus hispidus, Delicate Fern Moss (Thuidium delicatulum ), Sphagnum and Hypnum mosses - all under a canopy dominated by Red Maple and Black Gum. The manna grass Glyceria melicaria occurred along the stream.
Continuing through the upland forest, we saw the bush clover Lespedeza intermedia in bloom and Clasping Milkweed (Asclepias amplexicaulis), a species characteristic of dry, sandy soils. Having now reached the woods road west of the false ponds, we moved north along it to the pond in which we had seen the Broadhead Skink (Oak), noting there Small-flowered St. Johns-wort and an unidentified species of Agrostis.
We again now investigated Twin Pond, our approach being through a dense stand of Dangleberry, which on this occasion was laden with the sweetest huckleberries we had known. After passing through this thicket, we came to the isthmus that divides the two ponds and saw there White Buttons and Virginia Sneezeweed rising above the shallow water and beginning to bloom. Also noted here for the first time was Button Bush.
At Spring Pond we returned to the westernmost patch of Large Cranberry on the south shore. There we noted that the water level had dropped about a foot below that of 5-7-95 and that in association with the Cranberry were Three-way Sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum ), Robbin's Spikerush, the rush Juncus subcaudatus and Rattlesnake Mannagrass (Glyceria canadensis), the last-named a disjunct northerner.
On 8-25-95 we again returned to Spring Pond, and on the way saw New Jersey Tea (Ceonothus americanus) for the first time along the woods road. Then, on the gentle northeast slope that extends to Spring Pond, we encountered patches of Pipsissewa in association with its congener Spotted Wintergreen. On this slope, in typical Chestnut Oak forest, we saw both Chinquapin and sprouts of American Chestnut.
A traverse was then made around Spring Pond, beginning with the west and north shores. Initially, on the west side, we were attracted by the graceful form and pink - purple blooms of the shrub Water Loosestrife (Decodon verticillata ). Large ferns were also abundant with Virginia Chain Fern at the water's edge and Cinnamon Fern behind this. As we progressed along the north shore - an environment quite unlike that of the south shore - we saw more Water Loosestrife, and in quite deep water, tall culms of the coastal grass Panicum hemitomon. Also included in the relatively lush vegetation here were Fox Grape with large but unripe fruit, the dodder Cuscuta compacta and Groundnut (Apios americana).
After rounding the Pond's east end we encountered a patchy strand of Large Cranberry not previously observed by us. In one place amongst the Cranberry there were several Pitcher Plants (Saracenia purpurea ), likely variety venosa, since these plants were short and broad. It is possible and even likely that they were planted here. Associated herbs included Carex folliculata, Cotton Sedge (Eriophorum virginicum), a bladderwort (Utricularia sp) and Marsh St. Johns-wort (Hypericum virginicum or Triadenum fraseri). Adjacent moist shady slopes bore many plants of the orchid Whorled Pogonia (Isotria verticillata), which, in the absence of an inflorescence, closely resembled Medeola. Also seen in moist areas was Black Choke Berry as distinguished by its blue-black fruits.
Our survey of 8-25-96 included a more detailed inventory of the pond number 2 (of B 13) near the 1600 foot contour as well as cursory observations of other ponds along the woods road.
Early on, along the woods road we noted Bear Oak ( Quercus ilicifolia ) for the first time, then the root-bearing fungus Collybia radicata var furfuracea (or Xerula furfuracea ), Starved Panic Grass (Panicum depauperatum), Black-seeded Needle Grass (Stipa avenacea ) and Red Fescue (Festuca rubra ).
The pond number 2 (of B 13) is bordered by an old clearcut. Now dry, this pond was notable for the diversity of its grasses and coastal plain herbs. These included Long-leaved Panic Grass (Panicum longifolium), Switch Grass (P. virgatum), P. verrucosum, Yellow Indian Grass (Sorghastrum nutans), Little Bluestem (Andropogan scoparius ), Hairgrass ( Agrostis hyemalis), Bushy Aster, Lance-leaf Violet, the St. Johns-wort Hypericum gymnanthum, Meadow Beauty (Rhexia mariana ) in bloom, Marsh Pink (Sabatia campanula ), also in bloom, and Wild Indigo. Especially imposing was the flowering Switch Grass, while Yellow Indian Grass and Little Bluestem were only coming into bloom.
We next visited the pond that lies to the west of the fork in the woods road (Willow 3 of B 13) and which was first visited on 5-23-94. Our visit here was only long enough to confirm the presence of Dwarf Willow. A return to this pond a week later would result in a more detailed inventory.
Returning again to the pond southeast of Twin Pond (Oak), where we had previously seen the Broadhead Skink, we were greeted by a striking sight. This consisted of numerous frogs, quite large and bright green, and which we took to be Green Frogs, that were spotted at regular intervals of several meters along the water's edge. Some adjacent frogs were observed to engage in tussles with each other, as if in rivalry. On our closer approach all leapt into deeper water with loud squeeks. Also seen here was a Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta ), abundant filimentous spikerush and Sphagnum. At Twin Pond, as in the previous year, Virginia Sneezeweed and White Buttons were in bloom. However, the water was lower and the adjacent Dangleberry crop not nearly as large.
Terminating our traverse at Spring Pond was uneventful except for observing a plant of some interest, namely both staminate and pistillate Devil's Bit (Chamaelirium luteum) and a caterpillar with a remarkable resemblance to a leaf in the nearby upland forest.
On 8-31-96, a clear, warm and dry day, a return visit was made to some sites visited the week earlier. The first of these was the pond number 2 (of B 13) near the 1600 ft. contour. Here three soil samples (Table 1), all from surface layers, were taken as follows: MF1 from the pond edge near haircap moss, MF2 near a patch of Yellow Indian Grass within the pond and MF3 near a clump of Long-leaved Panic Grass near the pond's center. Additional plants identified at this pond were a large bush of Black Haw Viburnum at the pond's edge and clumps of Carex complanatum in the adjacent forest. Also noted was a slight penetration of Little Bluestem and Yellow Indian Grass into the ericaceous shrub layer at the pond's edge. Insects that were conspicuous at this pond were yellow jacket hornets, red dragonflies and dark swallowtail butterflies.
Next visited was the larger pond (Pond Deep 17 of B 13), also along the 1600 foot contour, and which had been the object of our 11-6-94 visit. Like the pond of the previous week, this pond was blessed with rimming frogs that leapt squeaking into deeper water as they were approached. Birds, likely Wood Ducks, also rose from the water. The only conspicuous herbaceous vegetation noted consisted of spikerush, some panicum and a few clumps of White Buttons. A soil sample (MF4) was taken from the water's edge. The loud drumming of an unidentified woodpecker sounded from the surrounding woods.
A further survey was also done at the pond (Willow 3) that lies just west of the fork in the woods road and which was briefly visited on 5-23-94 and 8-25-96. As previously noted, Dwarf Upland Willow is conspicuous in this pond's vegetation. Associates were yellow Indian Grass, Little Bluestem, Saw Brier, Creeping Five-leaf, Wild Indigo, Bushy Aster, Arrow-leaf Violet, Bracken Fern and the two milkworts Polygala brevifolia and P. incarnata . In places there was a deep carpet of mosses, including haircap, and Cladina lichen. Haircap, other mosses and Cladina were also abundant under huckleberry at the pond's edge, which is rimmed by Black Gum, Red Maple, Pitch Pine, Post and Pin Oaks and Highbush Blueberry. Also seen here was a Cricket Frog, although no standing water was present.
A brief return to Twin Pond was greeted by a large bird, likely a Blue Heron. Particularly impressive along the woods road on our return was the blaze of Golden Asters.
The acid character of all the sinkhole ponds visited is clearly indicated by the character of their vegetation and this is substantiated by the pH values and general chemistry exhibited in Table1. The acidic nature of the water has also been established by direct analysis (Downey et al, 1999) . Of particular interest is how characteristic prairie species such as Little Bluestem, Yellow Indian Grass and Switch Grass thrive in this acidic environment. The acidity also indicates that the movement of water is prevailingly downward and that artesian springs that might access the underlying carbonates are not active.
This report contains additional observations on phenology as well as adding a few new species to our tally. Each of the three surveys extended along the woods road, included adjacent ponds and terminated at Spring Pond. That of 3-28-99 also included a brief observation of an irregular forest swamp on the divide between Canada Run and Kennedy Creek, while those of 4-26-99 and 5-9-99 began with observations in the mesic forest along Coal Road.
Our survey of 3-28-99, on a sunny, pleasant day, began with a cursory visit to the small forested swamp (18 of B 13) on the Canada Run- Kennedy Creek divide. The canopy in this swamp is dominated by Red Maple and Black Gum with scattered Pitch Pine, while White Oak is restricted to its slightly elevated edge. Although Mountain Laurel occurs along its edge, there is little or no undergrowth in the swamp itself. Unidentified species of Sphagnum, Hypnum and other mosses dominate the ground cover.
Next, moving along the woods road, we arrived at a tiny conical pond (16 of B 13). The pignut Carya glabra occurs with oaks at the pond edge, where Saw Brier and unidentified species of Dicranum and Polytrichum mosses also occurred. Cricket Frogs were observed and a Spring Peeper was heard calling. Mr Don Church, a herpetologist we encountered, was kind enough to reveal the presence of centimeter-long larvae of the Marbled Salamander (Ambystoma opacum) in this pond.
As we passed the largest false pond we startled a flock of perhaps five Wood Ducks and, on a foray to Elusive Pond, observed abundant Mistletoe on Black Gum o the Pond's southeast side.
We then observed Trailing Arbutus (Epigaea repens ) and a Turkey Vulture ( Cathartes aura ) on our way to Oak Pond, where we noted the Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens ), a water scorpion (Corixidae) and numerous Cricket Frogs. Following these we made a brief visit to Twin Pond, where we saw Mourning Cloak (Nymphalis antiopa ) and unidentified brown and orange butterflies, and to Spring Pond where we were greeted by the trumpeting of Canada Geese. Also noted in the upland forest were a few Adelgid-infected Hemlock as well as Black Cherry and Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia ) of poor form.
Of significance on the 4-26-99 visit was the observation on the drive in of a single blooming Redbud (Cercis canadensis) immediately adjacent to Coal Road. This tree, which is quite demanding of nutrients, likely depended for these on road gravel, and its occurrence was in stark and enlightening exception to the general Maple Flats area, where the species was not observed by us.
An opportunity was taken to measure the pH of the branch of Canada Run that feeds the false ponds and which flows through the tract of mesic forest near Coal Road. To avoid possible contamination by the road,the sample was taken to the south and upstream from the road. The value obtained was pH=5.3. Also noted in the vicinity of this tract was abundant Marsh Blue Violet and Wild Pansy (Viola rafinesquii), both in bloom, as well as numerous Cricket Frogs and droppings of the Cottontail Rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus).
Moving once more along the woods road but still near Coal Road, we encountered Japanese Honeysuckle ( Lonicera japonica ), Cleavers (Galium aperine) and a large patch of May Apple ( Podophyllum peltatum ), with the last-named growing out of a heavy mat of oak leaves. It is likely that these mesic species, as observed earlier, owe their presence here to nutrients that resulted from human activities associated with construction of the false ponds. Faunal sightings here included Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), butterflies and bumblebees on Autumn olive.
A striking sight in the dry ericaceous upland forest was the abundance of Flowering Dogwood in bloom. Conspicuous along the woods road were scattered Carya glabra, Pitch and Shortleaf Pines, including seedlings and saplings, Creeping Five-leaf ( Potentilla canadensis ), Rattlesnake Weed (Hieracium venosum), Trailing Arbutus, Teaberry, Spotted Wintergreen and a violet with leaves resembling those of Viola primulifolia, but with deep purple flowers.In one place Black Haw Viburnum grew with Mountain Laurel under Chestnut Oak in a good illustration of the large stability field and association range of this viburnum. Insects in this community included a small black butterfly and an inch-long grasshopper.
Continuing on to Oak Pond, the now-familiar squeaking frogs were again present at the water's edge, as were abundant dragonflies. Of interest also was the identification as Carya glabra of an impressive 29 inch (0.74 m) dbh tree that dominates this ponds topographic rim.
Then moving overland from this large pignut toward Twin Pond, two small Mockernut Hickories, a Black Oak with a prominent fire scar and an occurrence of Wild Lupine (Lupinus perennis ) were successively noted. In close association with the Lupine was the alien Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa ), which was in bloom. After listening to Spring Peepers at Twin Pond, the traverse was terminated at Spring Pond, where Swamp Pink was in full bloom.
Our 5-9-99 visit began with another inventory of the mesic forest near Coal Road. Bird life was quite varied and common and included Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus ), Blue Jay ( Cyanocitta cristata), White-breasted Nuthatch, Red-bellied Woodpecker, as well as small unidentified birds - likely warblers - in the canopy. Scarlet Tanager calls were heard quite frequently as well. Other fauna included a Red Eft of the Eastern Newt, Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus), Dusky Salamander ( Desmognathus fuscus ) and a great number of Cricket Frogs, especially near the stream. It appeared that the number of salamanders recorded depended only on the number of of rocks or pieces of woody debris we were willing to overturn. All in all the impression was of a healthy amphibian fauna in this tract of mesic forest.
Additional plants not previously observed here were Minnie-bush, Tasslerue ( Trautvetteria caroliniensis ), a single blooming anemone, either A. quinquefolia or A. lancifolia and common aromatically-blooming Sweet White Violet (Viola blanda ). Mosses included a species of Atrichum and an intergrowth of Thuidium delicatulum and a Mnium. The fungus Urnula craterium was found at the base of a fallen Black Oak with very shallow roots.
Also found in an area of dumped spoil that appeared enriched in nutrients were Sensitive Fern, a single plant of Wild Geranium (Geranium maculatum ) and a small patch of May Apple.
Again on the woods road, we heard the call of an Oven Bird (Seiurus aurocapillus). Near Oak Pond a single small Striped Maple ( Acer pensylvanicum) was noted, as were Towhees and a Wood Duck at Twin Pond.
At Spring Pond Pink Azalea was in full bloom, but Swamp Pink flowers had faded. Here we observed a Yellow-billed Cuckoo at close range and heard a Wood Thrush call from a considerable distance. Both Green and Gray Tree Frogs called along the shore, and we again noticed the great variation of colors - ranging from bright green to black - of the Cricket Frogs.
I attempted to take a pH reading with a Kelway Soil Tester in the forest floor within the mesic (reltively) forest near Coal Road. However I was unsuccessful, frustrated by the very heavy organic ( mor) layer, which was too compressible for this type of meter to yield an accurate value. We then hiked to Pond 5 east of Spring Pond, where I obtained a reading of pH = 6.0 in mud rich in organic matter. We then hiked to Horseshoe Swamp, where, in the deep leaf mould of a Red Maple - Black Oak - White Oak - Pitch Pine swamp forest, I recorded pH = 5.0. We then turned south to Split Level ( no 9) Pond, noting it was covered by dead grass, much of which appeared to be Switch Grass. Beaver sign was also abundant here, Finally, while traversing to Pond 7 we observed several healthy - appearing American Chestnut saplings up to 4 inches (10 cm) dbh.
4-27-01, Maple Flats: Short-leaf Pine
4-27-01, Maple Flats: Tree tip-up with white sand soil exposed
The weather was mild, with an almost cloudless sky, as I arrived at about noon at the junction of the forest road with Coal Road just west of the false ponds. The primary objectives of this visit were soil temperature and pH determinations (Mueller, 2002). Red - eyed Vireos called and I noted an inch - long (2.5 cm) Gypsy Moth caterpillar, the first evidence of the insect here in years. I then proceeded to make pH and soil temperature measurements in the adjacent tract of the previously cited mesic forest. A flat area about 2 meters from a branch of Canada run was chosen among Partridge Berry. The temperature determination (T - 36), at the conventional depth of 5 inches (13 cm) yielded T = 12.0 deg C. The soil sample (no 1 of the series), taken from a depth of 2 - 3 inches (5 - 8 cm) had an pH value of 4.5 both initially and 28 hours later.
The next station chosen for measurements was a little west of the forest road and perhaps 250 yards north of the steel gate on a flat aspect and under mature Pitch Pine in the upland forest and among Upland Low Blueberry and Red Maple seedlings. A soil temperature (T - 37) of T = 11.0 deg C was obtained at the 5 inch depth in yellow sand soil under thin needle mor. A soil sample (no 2 of the series) from a 2 - 3 inch depth had an initial pH value of 4.1, but 28 hours one of 4.5. The third station was located just east the forest road and a little southwest of Spring Pond. The call of a Gray Tree Frog was heard on the way to this station. The station was located under an oak canopy that included Chestnut Oak. A soil temperature (T - 38) of 12.0 deg C was obtained at the usual depth of 5 inches on a flat aspect. A soil sample (no 3 of the series) taken from the usual depth of 2 - 3 inches, had a pH of 4.4 both initially and 28 hours later. The soil of these determinations was white sand with dark organic matter under a thin mor.
The fourth station was located about half way between station 3 and Spring Pond on a slight slope of northeast aspect, under abundant Chestnut Oak, with a sparse ground cover of blooming Common Many Knees (Polygonatum biflorum ) and Downy Seviceberry seedlings. The soil here was a semi - mor or sandy mull. The soil temperature (T - 39) at the usual depth was T = 12.5 deg C. A soil sample (no 4 of the series), from the usual depth yielded pH = 4.5 both initially and 28 hours later.
The fifth station was near. the edge of Spring Pond, which was unusually high as a result of Beaver action (according to Fred Huber of the US Forest Service, who was encountered on the traverse). Consequently water extended perhaps 20 feet (six meters) inland from the tree line of the old shore. The aspect was essentially flat. Ground cover consisted largely of Mountain Laurel and Teaberry. The soil temperature (T - 40) at the usual depth was T = 12.5 deg C. The soil sample (no 5 of the series), also from the conventional depth, had an initial pH value of 4.0 and 28 hours later one of 3.8. The soil consisted of a thin mor above white sand.
A return was now made to the point of origin, during which two Scarlet Tanagers were heard singing. A little north of the gate there is a seep or springbrook that flows from the west. Stunted May Apple (Podophyllum peltatum) grew on the brook's bank, in one of only two known occurrence of this plant in the entire area of Maple Flats explored in our project. In a determination of the brook's water, the pH was found to be 5.2.
Readings of soil temperature and pH (both at the conventional depths) were also taken at a station south of Coal Road about five meters from Canada Run under Mountain Laurel. The soil temperature (T - 42), on a flat aspect, was found to be T = 13.0 deg C The soil sample had a pH of 4.5 both initially and 28 hours later.
An additional observation this day was of blooming Potentilla canadensis, confirming once more the presence of this species.
The following bryophytes (Sphagnum species not included) and one fungus were collected on 3 - 5 - 00 and identified by R. Hunsucker with the assistance of D. Griffin and M. Hicks. Primary references were Crum and Anderson (1981) and Hicks (1992).
The following were collected along the first stream (Orebank Creek) from Rt. 664 along Coal Road:
The following were collected from the ponds and vicinity:
On Pond # 16 the following:
On Pond # 2 the following:
On Pond # 13 the following:
On Pond # 3 the following:
On pond # 17 the following:
In mixed woods the following:
The frequency of the bryophytes (The symbol (Li) indicates a liverwort) in the eight habitats are as follows:
As in all our bryophyte determinations, it is informative to compare the species and their frequencies here with those of other forest types. In what follows much of the discussion is based on Crum and Anderson (1981). Among the most common species are Entodon seductrix, Campylium chrysophyllum, Polytrichum ohioense and Anomodon rostratus. All are common in eastern North America and a variety of Central Appalachian forest types in particular. Entodon seductrix, Ditrichum pallidum, Leucobryum albidum and a number of other species are characteristic of dry, rather open oak forests such as dominate in the Maple Flats upland and which border the sinkhole ponds. Climacium americanum, var kinderbergii, although relatively frequent in occurrence here, is so by virtue of its aquatic form in the pond habitat, as are Aulacomnium palustre.and Fontinalis. Hypnum curvifolium, a species characteristic of moist environments and down wood debris in cool mesic forests, occurs at pond edges and on moist woody debris in particular. Of particular interest are Dicranum polysetum, Drepanocladus fluitans,, Isopterygium elegans, Pleurozium schreberi and Tetraphis pellucida. The first of these is relatively uncommon - at least in our inventories - in the Central Appalachians, but is widespread northward and ranges south to North Carolina. Depanocladus fluitans is characteristic of bogs, meadows and swales across the high north and ranges south only to West Virginia and Virginia. It was found by Gibson (1970) in Alder Run Bog in West Virginia's Dolly Sods, a severe boreal habitat, and is uncommon in the Central Appalachians. Ispoterygium elegans also has a northern distribution, Pleurozium schreberi is quite common in cool, acidic forests of these mountains, and northern in distribution. Tetraphis pellucida, like a number of the observed species, is strongly acidiphile, and like the foregoing, has a dominantly northern range. It was one of the two most frequent species found by us in West Virginia's Cathedral State Forest's Hemlock groves. The calciphile Campylium chrysophyllum's relatively frequent occurrence in this predominantly acidic terrain may have an explanation in its mode of occurrence on moist humus and decaying wood. There is some evidence, not all of it yet published in our inventories, that alkalization may be associated with the pervasive decay of at least some organic matter (see the section on Morris Hill). Peculiar also, is our failure to find any examples of the ordinarily widespread genus Mnium. Finally, although eight habitats are represented in our survey, none from the complex swamp forest environment are. It is possible that including this environment would increase the species number substantially.
MF1 | MF2 | MF3 | MF4 | |
pH | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.3 |
P | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
K | 27.0 | 17.0 | 25.0 | 72.0 |
Ca | 108.0 | 48.0 | 60.0 | 120.0 |
Mg | 24.0 | 25.0 | 27.0 | 51.0 |
Zn | 2.2 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.2 |
Mn | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 5.8 |
Cu | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
Fe | 67.3 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 93.9 |
B | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
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